Understanding the evolution of Venus is a fundamental objective in planetary science. Geological and atmospheric evidence suggests that the planet may once have hosted liquid water and Earth like conditions. The atmospheric region between 52 and 62 kilometres above the surface exhibits temperature and pressure levels comparable to those found at sea level on Earth. This layer is particularly attractive for aerial scientific platforms, as it allows for long duration exploration using conventional instrumentation, while remaining shielded from the extreme conditions at the surface. Balloon based exploration has therefore emerged as a promising strategy, especially where conventional landers face severe operational challenges. By exploiting buoyancy rather than propulsion, balloons or aerobots can sustain extended missions with minimal energy requirements. The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has led the development of such systems, most notably the Venus Aerobot. However, Venus’s atmosphere presents unique challenges. Its super rotation generates zonal winds reaching up to 100 m/s, while convective regions induce vertical velocities of several metres per second. The aerodynamic behaviour of the Venus Aerobot has received limited dedicated investigation, and current JPL models predominantly rely on simplified spherical assumptions. This thesis addresses this gap through a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the Venus Aerobot. CFD simulations were carried out within the open source software OpenFOAM. As a preliminary step, Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (DDES) methods were applied to the canonical case of a smooth sphere in order to validate their suitability for capturing the relevant flow physics. Subsequently, DDES were employed to characterise the aerobot’s aerodynamic coefficients, flow features, and dominant unsteady frequencies. The analysis is further extended to Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI), where Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are coupled with a simplified mass-spring model to describe the balloon’s vertical response to vertical winds. This framework enables the evaluation of the aerobot’s passive stability under vertical gusts.
La comprensione dell’evoluzione di Venere rappresenta un obiettivo fondamentale nelle scienze planetarie. Le evidenze geologiche e atmosferiche suggeriscono che il pianeta possa aver ospitato in passato acqua liquida e condizioni simili a quelle terrestri. La regione atmosferica compresa tra i 52 e i 62 chilometri di quota presenta infatti valori di temperatura e pressione comparabili a quelli riscontrati al livello del mare sulla Terra. Questo strato risulta particolarmente interessante per l’impiego di piattaforme scientifiche aeree, in quanto consente esplorazioni di lunga durata utilizzando strumentazione convenzionale, rimanendo al contempo protetti dalle condizioni estreme della superficie. L’esplorazione tramite palloni aerostatici è dunque emersa come una strategia promettente, soprattutto laddove i lander tradizionali incontrano significative difficoltà operative. Sfruttando la spinta di galleggiamento invece della propulsione, i palloni, o gli aerobots, possono condurre missioni prolungate con requisiti energetici minimi. Il Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) della NASA ha guidato lo sviluppo di tali sistemi, in particolare con il progetto Venus Aerobot. Tuttavia, l’atmosfera venusiana presenta sfide peculiari: la super rotazione genera venti zonali che raggiungono i 100 m/s, mentre le regioni convettive inducono velocità verticali di alcuni metri al secondo. Il comportamento aerodinamico del Venus Aerobot è stato finora oggetto di un numero limitato di studi e gli attuali modelli sviluppati presso il JPL si basano prevalentemente su assunzioni sferiche semplificate. La presente tesi affronta tali limitazioni mediante lo studio del comportamento aerodinamico del Venus Aerobot attraverso simulazioni di Fluidodinamica Computazionale (CFD), realizzate con il software OpenFOAM. Al fine di verificarne l’idoneità, nella cattura delle caratteristiche rilevanti del flusso, i metodi Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (DDES) sono stati applicati al caso canonico di una sfera liscia. Successivamente, le simulazioni DDES sono state impiegate per caratterizzare i coefficienti aerodinamici dell’aerobot, le principali strutture di flusso e le frequenze dominanti. L’analisi è ulteriormente estesa all’interazione fluido-struttura, nell’ambito della quale simulazioni Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) sono accoppiate a un modello semplificato massa–molla per descrivere la risposta verticale del pallone in presenza di venti verticali. Tale approccio consente di valutare la stabilità passiva dell’aerobot sotto l'azione di raffiche verticali.
Aerodynamic characterization and passive stability analysis of the venus aerobot through CFD and overset methods
Pacchione, Giorgio
2025/2026
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of Venus is a fundamental objective in planetary science. Geological and atmospheric evidence suggests that the planet may once have hosted liquid water and Earth like conditions. The atmospheric region between 52 and 62 kilometres above the surface exhibits temperature and pressure levels comparable to those found at sea level on Earth. This layer is particularly attractive for aerial scientific platforms, as it allows for long duration exploration using conventional instrumentation, while remaining shielded from the extreme conditions at the surface. Balloon based exploration has therefore emerged as a promising strategy, especially where conventional landers face severe operational challenges. By exploiting buoyancy rather than propulsion, balloons or aerobots can sustain extended missions with minimal energy requirements. The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has led the development of such systems, most notably the Venus Aerobot. However, Venus’s atmosphere presents unique challenges. Its super rotation generates zonal winds reaching up to 100 m/s, while convective regions induce vertical velocities of several metres per second. The aerodynamic behaviour of the Venus Aerobot has received limited dedicated investigation, and current JPL models predominantly rely on simplified spherical assumptions. This thesis addresses this gap through a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the Venus Aerobot. CFD simulations were carried out within the open source software OpenFOAM. As a preliminary step, Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (DDES) methods were applied to the canonical case of a smooth sphere in order to validate their suitability for capturing the relevant flow physics. Subsequently, DDES were employed to characterise the aerobot’s aerodynamic coefficients, flow features, and dominant unsteady frequencies. The analysis is further extended to Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI), where Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are coupled with a simplified mass-spring model to describe the balloon’s vertical response to vertical winds. This framework enables the evaluation of the aerobot’s passive stability under vertical gusts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Pacchione_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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2026_03_Pacchione_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252797