This thesis analyses the evolution of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, assessing recycling strategies and their impact on phosphorus demand. The work examines in detail the recycling routes for lithium-ion batteries, comparing the effectiveness and technical trade-offs of pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and direct regeneration technologies, with reference to both LFP and NMC (Nickel–Manganese–Cobalt) batteries as a basis for comparison. Particular attention is given to the situation of phosphorus in Europe, which is classified as a critical raw material due to total import dependence and its irreplaceable role in the agricultural sector. The study also describes phosphorus recovery techniques from end-of-life LFP batteries, analysing how the processes considered may reintegrate this element into the production of new cathode materials. A dynamic model is then developed to simulate phosphorus demand resulting from the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in Europe up to 2050. Through the use of logistic curves and Weibull distributions, the study estimates the volumes of phosphorus placed on the market and the timing at which these quantities reach the end of life. The analysis quantifies the impact of these flows on total European demand, comparing them with current import levels and assessing the potential contribution of recycling to mitigating supply risks and external dependency. The results suggest that, by 2050, recovery from waste could meet a significant share of the demand for new cathodes, thereby supporting the strategic industrial resilience of the European Union.
Nella presente tesi viene analizzata l’evoluzione delle batterie litio-ferro-fosfato (LFP), valutando le strategie di riciclo e il loro impatto sulla domanda di fosforo. Il lavoro esamina in modo approfondito le strategie di riciclo delle batterie agli ioni di litio, confrontando l’efficacia e i trade-off tecnici delle tecnologie pirometallurgiche, idrometallurgiche e di rigenerazione diretta, facendo riferimento sia alle batterie LFP sia alle batterie NMC (Nickel-Manganese-Cobalto) come termine di paragone. Particolare rilievo è attribuito alla situazione del fosforo in Europa, risorsa classificata come materia prima critica a causa della totale dipendenza dalle importazioni e della sua insostituibilità nel settore agricolo. Vengono inoltre descritte le tecniche di recupero del fosforo dalle batterie LFP a fine vita, analizzando come i processi esaminati possano reintegrare questo elemento nella produzione di nuovi materiali catodici. La ricerca sviluppa quindi un modello dinamico per simulare la domanda di fosforo derivante dalla penetrazione dei veicoli elettrici in Europa fino al 2050. Attraverso l’utilizzo di curve logistiche e distribuzioni di Weibull, lo studio stima i volumi di fosforo immessi sul mercato e la tempistica con cui tali quantitativi raggiungono il fine vita. L’analisi quantifica l’impatto di questi flussi sulla domanda totale europea, confrontandoli con le attuali importazioni e valutando il potenziale contributo del riciclo alla mitigazione dei rischi di approvvigionamento e della dipendenza esterna. I risultati indicano che, entro il 2050, il recupero dai rifiuti potrebbe soddisfare una quota significativa del fabbisogno per nuovi catodi, contribuendo a rafforzare la resilienza industriale strategica dell’Unione Europea.
Lithium iron phosphate batteries: recycling strategies and impact on the european phosphorus demand
Benetti, Eugenio
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis analyses the evolution of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, assessing recycling strategies and their impact on phosphorus demand. The work examines in detail the recycling routes for lithium-ion batteries, comparing the effectiveness and technical trade-offs of pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and direct regeneration technologies, with reference to both LFP and NMC (Nickel–Manganese–Cobalt) batteries as a basis for comparison. Particular attention is given to the situation of phosphorus in Europe, which is classified as a critical raw material due to total import dependence and its irreplaceable role in the agricultural sector. The study also describes phosphorus recovery techniques from end-of-life LFP batteries, analysing how the processes considered may reintegrate this element into the production of new cathode materials. A dynamic model is then developed to simulate phosphorus demand resulting from the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in Europe up to 2050. Through the use of logistic curves and Weibull distributions, the study estimates the volumes of phosphorus placed on the market and the timing at which these quantities reach the end of life. The analysis quantifies the impact of these flows on total European demand, comparing them with current import levels and assessing the potential contribution of recycling to mitigating supply risks and external dependency. The results suggest that, by 2050, recovery from waste could meet a significant share of the demand for new cathodes, thereby supporting the strategic industrial resilience of the European Union.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Benetti.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252817