Freshwater resources worldwide are facing increasing pressure from rising demands and a changing climate. This is exemplified in the Mekong River Basin, where river dynamics have been altered by rapid hydropower and irrigation expansion, fragmented governance, and climate change. These interacting pressures raise concerns about the long-term sustainability of continued development in the region. In this thesis, we propose an integrated framework to support robust water resource planning under climatic and infrastructural uncertainty. After characterizing projected climatic trends, we employ the VICRes hydrological model to evaluate the reliability of hydropower generation and irrigation supply. The assessment is conducted using a structured ensemble comprising four IPCC scenarios, five climate models, and two contrasting development pathways. Furthermore, to account for the transboundary nature of the basin, we explored the implications of asymmetric national development strategies. Results show strong agreement across climate models on rising temperatures. Precipitation projections remain more uncertain, although most models indicate an increase in the monsoon season and precipitation extremes. When assessing the combined effects of climate change and infrastructure expansion, our findings show that infrastructure development will have a stronger influence on system performance than climate change. Simulations of asymmetric national development pathways reveal downstream vulnerability to unilateral upstream expansion, with Cambodia being particularly exposed to cumulative impacts. The analysis further suggests that non-cooperative infrastructure development may trigger a "chain-effect", where upstream expansion could induce downstream countries to expand their own infrastructure, ultimately amplifying cumulative pressures across the basin. Overall, this study advances robust planning approaches for transboundary river systems operating under deep climate uncertainty and asymmetric national development trajectories.
A livello globale, le risorse idriche sono sottoposte a pressioni crescenti dovute all'aumento della domanda e al cambiamento climatico. Il bacino del Mekong è un esempio emblematico in cui le dinamiche fluviali sono state alterate da una rapida espansione dei settori idroelettrico e irriguo, da una governance frammentata e dal cambiamento climatico. L'interazione tra questi fattori mette in discussione la sostenibilità dello sviluppo futuro nella regione. Questa tesi propone un quadro integrato per la pianificazione robusta delle risorse idriche in condizioni di incertezza climatica e infrastrutturale. Dopo aver analizzato gli andamenti climatici a scala di bacino, lo studio utilizza il modello idrologico VICRes per valutare le prestazioni del sistema in termini di produzione idroelettrica e agricola. L'analisi considera quattro scenari climatici IPCC, cinque modelli climatici e due traiettorie alternative di sviluppo. Data la natura transfrontaliera del bacino, vengono inoltre esplorate le implicazioni di strategie nazionali asimmetriche. I risultati mostrano un forte accordo tra i modelli sull'aumento delle temperature. Le proiezioni delle precipitazioni risultano più incerte, sebbene la maggior parte indichi un aumento durante la stagione monsonica e un'intensificazione degli eventi estremi. Valutando l'effetto congiunto di cambiamento climatico ed espansione infrastrutturale, l'analisi evidenzia che, su un orizzonte di metà secolo, lo sviluppo infrastrutturale incide più del cambiamento climatico sulle prestazioni del sistema. Le simulazioni di traiettorie nazionali asimmetriche evidenziano la vulnerabilità dei paesi a valle rispetto alle espansioni a monte, con la Cambogia particolarmente esposta agli impatti cumulativi. Inoltre, uno sviluppo non cooperativo potrebbe innescare un effetto "a catena", in cui la massima espansione a monte induce i paesi a valle a sviluppare a loro volta, aumentando le pressioni complessive sull'intero bacino. Nel complesso, lo studio contribuisce allo sviluppo di approcci di pianificazione robusta per sistemi fluviali transfrontalieri che operano in condizioni di profonda incertezza e con strategie nazionali asimmetriche.
Robust planning in transboundary river systems under climate change and asymmetric development pathways
Memmo, Chiara
2024/2025
Abstract
Freshwater resources worldwide are facing increasing pressure from rising demands and a changing climate. This is exemplified in the Mekong River Basin, where river dynamics have been altered by rapid hydropower and irrigation expansion, fragmented governance, and climate change. These interacting pressures raise concerns about the long-term sustainability of continued development in the region. In this thesis, we propose an integrated framework to support robust water resource planning under climatic and infrastructural uncertainty. After characterizing projected climatic trends, we employ the VICRes hydrological model to evaluate the reliability of hydropower generation and irrigation supply. The assessment is conducted using a structured ensemble comprising four IPCC scenarios, five climate models, and two contrasting development pathways. Furthermore, to account for the transboundary nature of the basin, we explored the implications of asymmetric national development strategies. Results show strong agreement across climate models on rising temperatures. Precipitation projections remain more uncertain, although most models indicate an increase in the monsoon season and precipitation extremes. When assessing the combined effects of climate change and infrastructure expansion, our findings show that infrastructure development will have a stronger influence on system performance than climate change. Simulations of asymmetric national development pathways reveal downstream vulnerability to unilateral upstream expansion, with Cambodia being particularly exposed to cumulative impacts. The analysis further suggests that non-cooperative infrastructure development may trigger a "chain-effect", where upstream expansion could induce downstream countries to expand their own infrastructure, ultimately amplifying cumulative pressures across the basin. Overall, this study advances robust planning approaches for transboundary river systems operating under deep climate uncertainty and asymmetric national development trajectories.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252876