This thesis analyzes leather as a material within the contemporary design system, considering its complexity from both a material and technological perspective. Leather is examined from its biological structure, through chemical stabilization and surface engineering processes, to the design strategies that determine its use. The research does not simply contrast animal-based materials with alternatives, but proposes an evaluation framework based on three closely related criteria: durability, sustainability assessed over the entire life cycle, and design guided by material properties. The analysis begins with the structure of collagen, assessing how the hierarchical organization of dermal fibers influences the material's mechanical properties, hydrothermal stability, and aging resistance. These structural data are used to compare the main tanning systems, including chrome, vegetable, and chromium-free, highlighting how the different chemicals used in stabilization determine specific environmental and performance consequences. Finishing processes are considered fundamental steps that transform both animal leather and biological substrates into collagen-polymer or fiber-polymer composite materials, modifying parameters such as breathability, repairability, and end-of-life management. In parallel, alternatives to animal leather, such as mycelium- and cellulose-based materials, are analyzed. The approach adopted is not limited to generic sustainability statements, but focuses on evaluating the structural composition, mechanical properties, and dependence on support layers or polymer binders. Sustainability is defined in terms of impact per functional unit during the actual period of use, considering durability, aging mechanisms, maintenance requirements, and the possibility of disassembly at end-of-life. The evaluation framework is applied to two project case studies, each of which adopts a specific methodology based on the characteristics of the materials used. The first case, Materia Madre, uses Olivenleder Mustang, a leather tanned without chromium using the wet-green® process. The analysis focuses on how collagen matrix can be used as a structural material and how it responds to aging processes. The project prioritizes a minimal finish, mechanical construction strategies, repairability, and the possibility of re-crafting, with the goal of maintaining consistency between structure, use, and meaning over time. The second case study, Silent Elegy, was developed using Ephea™, a mycelium-based material that required a different design approach. The analysis focused on the composite nature of the substrate, its tensile mechanical properties, its support structure, and the constraints imposed by the surface. The construction strategies, reinforcement methods, and symbolic expression were adapted to the specific characteristics of this material. The comparative application of the two cases highlights that material-driven design must be calibrated to the structural properties, aging mechanisms, and transparency of the composition, without the possibility of standardization. In both case studies, it emerges that responsible use of materials in design is based on methodological rigor, process transparency, and the integration of structural performance with symbolic and experiential value. Durability is defined as the ability of a material system to maintain its structural integrity while allowing for significant transformations over time. Sustainability is understood as the result of consistent choices regarding chemical composition, construction methods, durability, and cultural relevance, rather than as a simple label. The study proposes a structured evaluation framework applicable to both conventional and alternative leathers, providing designers with a technical tool to balance performance, environmental responsibility, and symbolic value within the context of design.
Questa tesi analizza la pelle come materiale all'interno del sistema del design contemporaneo, considerando la sua complessità sia dal punto di vista materiale che tecnologico. La pelle viene esaminata a partire dalla sua struttura biologica, attraverso i processi di stabilizzazione chimica e ingegneria delle superfici, fino alle strategie di progettazione che ne determinano l'impiego. La ricerca non si limita a contrapporre materiali di origine animale e alternative, ma propone un quadro valutativo fondato su tre criteri strettamente collegati: la durabilità, la sostenibilità valutata sull'intero ciclo di vita e la progettazione guidata dalle proprietà dei materiali. L'analisi parte dalla struttura del collagene, valutando in che modo l'organizzazione gerarchica delle fibre dermiche influenza le proprietà meccaniche, la stabilità idrotermica e la resistenza all'invecchiamento del materiale. Questi dati strutturali vengono utilizzati per confrontare i principali sistemi di concia, inclusi quelli al cromo, vegetali e privi di cromo, mettendo in evidenza come le diverse sostanze chimiche impiegate nella stabilizzazione determinino specifiche conseguenze ambientali e prestazionali. I processi di rifinizione sono considerati come fasi fondamentali che trasformano sia la pelle animale sia i substrati biologici in materiali compositi a base di collagene-polimero o fibra-polimero, modificando parametri come la traspirabilità, la possibilità di riparazione e la gestione del fine vita. Parallelamente, vengono analizzate le alternative alla pelle animale, come i materiali a base di micelio e cellulosa. L'approccio adottato non si limita a dichiarazioni generiche di sostenibilità, ma si concentra sulla valutazione della composizione strutturale, delle proprietà meccaniche e della dipendenza da strati di supporto o leganti polimerici. La sostenibilità viene definita in termini di impatto per unità funzionale durante il reale periodo di utilizzo, considerando la durabilità, i meccanismi di invecchiamento, le esigenze di manutenzione e la possibilità di smontaggio a fine vita. Il quadro valutativo viene applicato a due casi di studio progettuali, ciascuno dei quali adotta una metodologia specifica in relazione alle caratteristiche dei materiali impiegati. Il primo caso, Materia Madre, utilizza Olivenleder Mustang, una pelle conciata senza cromo tramite processo wet-green®. L'analisi si concentra su come la matrice di collagene possa essere impiegata come materiale strutturale e su come risponda ai processi di invecchiamento. Il progetto privilegia una finitura minimale, strategie di costruzione meccanica, la riparabilità e la possibilità di re-crafting, con l'obiettivo di mantenere la coerenza tra struttura, uso e significato nel tempo. Il secondo caso di studio, Silent Elegy, è stato sviluppato utilizzando Ephea™, un materiale a base di micelio che ha richiesto un approccio progettuale differente. L'analisi si è focalizzata sulla natura composita del substrato, sulle sue proprietà meccaniche in trazione, sulla struttura di supporto e sui vincoli imposti dalla superficie. Le strategie costruttive, i metodi di rinforzo e l'espressione simbolica sono stati adattati alle specifiche caratteristiche di questo materiale. L'applicazione comparativa dei due casi evidenzia che la progettazione guidata dai materiali deve essere calibrata sulle proprietà strutturali, sui meccanismi di invecchiamento e sulla trasparenza della composizione, senza possibilità di standardizzazione. In entrambi i casi di studio, emerge che la responsabilità nell'uso dei materiali in ambito progettuale si fonda sul rigore metodologico, sulla trasparenza dei processi e sull'integrazione tra prestazioni strutturali e valore simbolico ed esperienziale. La durabilità viene definita come la capacità di un sistema materiale di conservare l'integrità strutturale, pur consentendo trasformazioni significative nel tempo. La sostenibilità viene intesa come risultato di scelte coerenti tra composizione chimica, modalità costruttive, durata d'uso e rilevanza culturale, piuttosto che come semplice etichetta. Lo studio propone un quadro di valutazione strutturato applicabile sia alle pelli convenzionali sia alle alternative, fornendo ai progettisti uno strumento tecnico per bilanciare le prestazioni, la responsabilità ambientale e il valore simbolico nel contesto del Design.
Thinking leather: materials and conscious choices for responsible design
Marsicano, Paola Nicole
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes leather as a material within the contemporary design system, considering its complexity from both a material and technological perspective. Leather is examined from its biological structure, through chemical stabilization and surface engineering processes, to the design strategies that determine its use. The research does not simply contrast animal-based materials with alternatives, but proposes an evaluation framework based on three closely related criteria: durability, sustainability assessed over the entire life cycle, and design guided by material properties. The analysis begins with the structure of collagen, assessing how the hierarchical organization of dermal fibers influences the material's mechanical properties, hydrothermal stability, and aging resistance. These structural data are used to compare the main tanning systems, including chrome, vegetable, and chromium-free, highlighting how the different chemicals used in stabilization determine specific environmental and performance consequences. Finishing processes are considered fundamental steps that transform both animal leather and biological substrates into collagen-polymer or fiber-polymer composite materials, modifying parameters such as breathability, repairability, and end-of-life management. In parallel, alternatives to animal leather, such as mycelium- and cellulose-based materials, are analyzed. The approach adopted is not limited to generic sustainability statements, but focuses on evaluating the structural composition, mechanical properties, and dependence on support layers or polymer binders. Sustainability is defined in terms of impact per functional unit during the actual period of use, considering durability, aging mechanisms, maintenance requirements, and the possibility of disassembly at end-of-life. The evaluation framework is applied to two project case studies, each of which adopts a specific methodology based on the characteristics of the materials used. The first case, Materia Madre, uses Olivenleder Mustang, a leather tanned without chromium using the wet-green® process. The analysis focuses on how collagen matrix can be used as a structural material and how it responds to aging processes. The project prioritizes a minimal finish, mechanical construction strategies, repairability, and the possibility of re-crafting, with the goal of maintaining consistency between structure, use, and meaning over time. The second case study, Silent Elegy, was developed using Ephea™, a mycelium-based material that required a different design approach. The analysis focused on the composite nature of the substrate, its tensile mechanical properties, its support structure, and the constraints imposed by the surface. The construction strategies, reinforcement methods, and symbolic expression were adapted to the specific characteristics of this material. The comparative application of the two cases highlights that material-driven design must be calibrated to the structural properties, aging mechanisms, and transparency of the composition, without the possibility of standardization. In both case studies, it emerges that responsible use of materials in design is based on methodological rigor, process transparency, and the integration of structural performance with symbolic and experiential value. Durability is defined as the ability of a material system to maintain its structural integrity while allowing for significant transformations over time. Sustainability is understood as the result of consistent choices regarding chemical composition, construction methods, durability, and cultural relevance, rather than as a simple label. The study proposes a structured evaluation framework applicable to both conventional and alternative leathers, providing designers with a technical tool to balance performance, environmental responsibility, and symbolic value within the context of design.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Marsicano_.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252901