The rapid deployment of large-scale Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has generated a renewed strategic interest in electronically steerable phased-array architectures for global broadband connectivity. To support high throughput, modern phased-array systems in the X-band (10.6 GHz) require the adoption of wideband and high-order modulation schemes, such as the 320 MHz 4096-QAM waveform derived from the Wi-Fi 7 standard. These schemes impose stringent constraints on the transmitter's linearity, spectral purity, and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). This thesis addresses these challenges by presenting the design of an RF transmitter chain for an X-band phased-array system in 28-nm CMOS technology, based on a localized LO phase-shifting architecture. The methodological approach focuses on the systematic derivation of system specifications and on the transistor-level design, optimization, and post-layout validation of two critical building blocks: the Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) and the Power Amplifier (PA). The VGA provides amplitude tapering and PVT calibration capabilities, employing a 6-bit digitally controlled current-steering architecture with dummy branches operating at a 0.9V supply. The PA stage features a differential cascode topology operating from a 1.8V supply. It is biased in class-AB to achieve an optimal trade-off between efficiency and large-signal linearity, and it incorporates advanced linearization techniques. Post-layout simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposed architecture. The VGA achieves a dynamic range of 8.8 dB with a state-of-the-art RMS phase error of <0.3°. Combined with effective common-mode resonance suppression, the VGA provides a robust OP1dB of 8.56dBm alongside a low power consumption of 12.32mW and a Noise Figure <3dB. The PA delivers a saturation power of 19.5 dBm, an OP1dB of around 18dBm while maintaining a good peak drain efficiency of 36%. Ultimately, these findings confirm that the designed architecture satisfies the targeted output power and strict linearity constraints without compromising efficiency, proving its relevance and suitability for next-generation wideband phased-array satellite terminals.
Il rapido dispiegamento su larga scala di costellazioni di satelliti in orbita terrestre bassa (LEO) ha generato un rinnovato interesse strategico per architetture phased-array, orientabili elettronicamente, per la connettività globale a banda larga. Per supportare un throughput elevato, i moderni sistemi phased-array in banda X (10.6 GHz) richiedono l'adozione di schemi di modulazione a banda larga e di ordine elevato, come una forma d'onda OFDM da 320 MHz con 4096-QAM derivata dallo standard Wi-Fi 7. Tali schemi impongono vincoli rigorosi sulla linearità del trasmettitore, sulla purezza spettrale e sull'Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). Questa tesi affronta tali sfide presentando la progettazione di una catena di trasmissione RF per un sistema phased-array in banda X in tecnologia CMOS a 28 nm, basata su un'architettura con sfasamento LO localizzato. L'approccio metodologico si concentra sulla derivazione sistematica delle specifiche di sistema e sulla progettazione a livello di transistor, l'ottimizzazione e la convalida post-layout di due blocchi fondamentali: l'amplificatore a guadagno variabile (VGA) e l'amplificatore di potenza (PA). Il VGA fornisce funzionalità di tapering d'ampiezza e calibrazione PVT, adottando un'architettura a current-steering a 6 bit controllata digitalmente con rami dummy, operante con un'alimentazione di 0.9V. Lo stadio PA presenta una topologia cascode differenziale operante con un'alimentazione di 1.8V. Polarizzato in classe AB per un compromesso ottimale tra efficienza e linearità a grande segnale, incorpora tecniche di linearizzazione avanzate. Le simulazioni post-layout dimostrano la validità dell'architettura proposta. Il VGA raggiunge un range di dinamica di 8.8dB con un errore di fase RMS allo stato dell'arte, inferiore a 0.3°. In combinazione con un'efficace soppressione della risonanza di modo comune, il VGA fornisce un robusto OP1dB di 8.56 dBm insieme a un basso consumo energetico di 12.32 mW e una figura di rumore <3dB. Il PA eroga una potenza di saturazione di 19.5 dBm, un OP1dB di circa 18 dBm mantenendo una buona efficienza di drain di picco del 36%. In definitiva, questi risultati confermano che l'architettura progettata soddisfa la potenza di uscita prevista e i rigorosi vincoli di linearità senza compromettere l'efficienza, dimostrando la sua rilevanza e idoneità per terminali satellitari phased-array a banda larga di nuova generazione.
Design of an X-band variable gain amplifier and power amplifier in 28-CMOS for a phased array transmitter
TISSINO, DAVIDE;Lamberti, Elisabetta
2024/2025
Abstract
The rapid deployment of large-scale Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has generated a renewed strategic interest in electronically steerable phased-array architectures for global broadband connectivity. To support high throughput, modern phased-array systems in the X-band (10.6 GHz) require the adoption of wideband and high-order modulation schemes, such as the 320 MHz 4096-QAM waveform derived from the Wi-Fi 7 standard. These schemes impose stringent constraints on the transmitter's linearity, spectral purity, and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). This thesis addresses these challenges by presenting the design of an RF transmitter chain for an X-band phased-array system in 28-nm CMOS technology, based on a localized LO phase-shifting architecture. The methodological approach focuses on the systematic derivation of system specifications and on the transistor-level design, optimization, and post-layout validation of two critical building blocks: the Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) and the Power Amplifier (PA). The VGA provides amplitude tapering and PVT calibration capabilities, employing a 6-bit digitally controlled current-steering architecture with dummy branches operating at a 0.9V supply. The PA stage features a differential cascode topology operating from a 1.8V supply. It is biased in class-AB to achieve an optimal trade-off between efficiency and large-signal linearity, and it incorporates advanced linearization techniques. Post-layout simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposed architecture. The VGA achieves a dynamic range of 8.8 dB with a state-of-the-art RMS phase error of <0.3°. Combined with effective common-mode resonance suppression, the VGA provides a robust OP1dB of 8.56dBm alongside a low power consumption of 12.32mW and a Noise Figure <3dB. The PA delivers a saturation power of 19.5 dBm, an OP1dB of around 18dBm while maintaining a good peak drain efficiency of 36%. Ultimately, these findings confirm that the designed architecture satisfies the targeted output power and strict linearity constraints without compromising efficiency, proving its relevance and suitability for next-generation wideband phased-array satellite terminals.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Lamberti_Tissino_Thesis.pdf
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2026_03_Lamberti_Tissino_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252951