The rapid growth of the space economy has led to an exponential increase in the number of operational satellites in Earth orbit, making the management of decommissioned systems and space debris an urgent priority. In this context, the development of On-Orbit Servicing (OOS) and Active Debris Removal (ADR) missions has become essential, driving the creation of new robotic grippers capable of handling non-cooperative or fragile targets. However, these technologies must be developed in alignment with the ESA Zero Debris 2040 strategy and Agenda 2025, which promote circular economy principles and the use of recyclable materials in orbit. Building on this framework, the present project led to the development of a soft, monolithic robotic gripper made of Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), manufactured via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). LCP was selected as an enabling material due to its excellent balance between high mechanical performance (Young modulus up to 20–40 GPa) and environmental resistance, surpassing traditional elastomers thanks to negligible outgassing rates (TML < 1.0%, CVCM ≈ 0%) and outstanding thermo-mechanical stability under atomic radiation and vacuum. Material stiffness was designed through careful geometric design, enabling controlled bending of four rigid phalanges connected by an elevated tape. This approach eliminates issues related to bolts, bearings, or lubricated joints, which are prone to failures such as lubrication degradation or cold-welding in space environments. The research focused on optimizing the joint tape thickness, testing 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.8 mm configurations. The resulting prototypes demonstrated remarkable lightness ranging from 8.1 g to 8.3 g while successfully enveloping a 1U CubeSat mock-up and various soft or irregular objects. Experimental testing identified the 0.5 mm configuration as the most efficient, achieving a paired gripping force of at least 0.6 N. The system exhibited excellent dynamic behavior, reaching a fatigue life exceeding 1000 cycles with less than 10% mechanical degradation. Full recovery of mechanical properties was observed after rest periods, as the material never entered a plastic deformation regime nor delaminated when actuated with a tendon tension of 5 N, corresponding to a pull-out force of about 0.4 N. From a kinematic point of view, the gripper provides a wide range of motion, with tip deflections of approximately 40° in the first section and 120° in the second, ensuring the flexibility required to capture objects of varying sizes. Owing to the thermotropic nature of LCP, the device is fully recyclable and compatible with future In-Space Manufacturing systems, establishing itself as an ideal solution for long duration missions where ground logistics reduction and sustainability are mandatory requirements.
L'espansione dell'economia spaziale ha portato a un affollamento senza precedenti delle orbite terrestri, trasformando la gestione dei satelliti dismessi e dei detriti in una sfida non più rimandabile. In questo contesto, si è reso necessario l'avvio di operazioni di On-Orbit Servicing (OOS) e Active Debris Removal (ADR), guidando lo sviluppo di nuove pinze robotiche capaci di manipolare corpi non cooperativi o fragili. È tuttavia necessario che tali tecnologie seguano la strategia ESA Zero Debris 2040 e l’Agenda 2025, con l'obiettivo di costituire un’economia circolare che garantisca la sostenibilità orbitale. Su queste basi, il presente progetto ha portato allo sviluppo di un gripper robotico morbido e monolitico in Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), realizzato tramite Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). L’LCP è stato selezionato come materiale abilitante per l’eccellente compromesso tra proprietà meccaniche superiori (modulo di Young fino a 20–40 GPa) e resistenza ambientale, superando i limiti degli elastomeri tradizionali grazie a tassi di outgassing trascurabili (TML < 1,0%, CVCM ≈ 0%) e un’elevata stabilità termo meccanica sotto l’azione di radiazioni atomiche e vuoto. La rigidezza del materiale è stata programmata attraverso uno studio accurato della geometria, permettendo la flessione controllata di quattro falangi rigide connesse da un tape sopraelevato in LCP. Questo approccio elimina i rischi legati a bullonature, cuscinetti o giunti meccanici, soggetti a problemi di lubrificazione o cold welding in ambiente spaziale. La ricerca si è concentrata sull’ottimizzazione dello spessore del nastro di giunzione, testando configurazioni da 0,3 mm, 0,5 mm e 0,8 mm. I prototipi risultanti hanno dimostrato una straordinaria leggerezza, con un peso compreso tra 8,1 g e 8,3 g, garantendo la capacità di avvolgere con successo un mock up di satellite CubeSat 1U e diverse forme irregolari e morbide. I test sperimentali hanno indicato la configurazione da 0,5 mm come la più performante, capace di generare una forza di presa in coppia di almeno 0,6 N. Il sistema ha dimostrato un eccellente comportamento dinamico, garantendo una vita a fatica superiore ai 1000 cicli con una perdita di proprietà meccaniche inferiore al 10%. È stato osservato un recupero totale delle prestazioni dopo un periodo di riposo, poiché il materiale non entra mai in regime di deformazione plastica né subisce delaminazioni se sollecitato con una tensione del tendine di 5 N, che permette una pull out force di circa 0,4 N. Dal punto di vista cinematico, il gripper mostra un ampio range of motion (ROM), con deflessioni assolute che variano tra circa 40° per il primo tratto e 120° per il secondo, garantendo la flessibilità necessaria per catturare target di diverse dimensioni. Grazie alla natura termotropica dell’LCP, il dispositivo risulta completamente riciclabile e compatibile con i futuri sistemi di In Space Manufacturing, confermandosi una soluzione ideale per missioni di lunga durata dove la riduzione della logistica di terra e la sostenibilità sono requisiti mandatori.
3D-printed liquid crystal polymer soft robotic grippers for space applications: from design to testing
SPINELLI, GIULIA LEDA
2024/2025
Abstract
The rapid growth of the space economy has led to an exponential increase in the number of operational satellites in Earth orbit, making the management of decommissioned systems and space debris an urgent priority. In this context, the development of On-Orbit Servicing (OOS) and Active Debris Removal (ADR) missions has become essential, driving the creation of new robotic grippers capable of handling non-cooperative or fragile targets. However, these technologies must be developed in alignment with the ESA Zero Debris 2040 strategy and Agenda 2025, which promote circular economy principles and the use of recyclable materials in orbit. Building on this framework, the present project led to the development of a soft, monolithic robotic gripper made of Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), manufactured via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). LCP was selected as an enabling material due to its excellent balance between high mechanical performance (Young modulus up to 20–40 GPa) and environmental resistance, surpassing traditional elastomers thanks to negligible outgassing rates (TML < 1.0%, CVCM ≈ 0%) and outstanding thermo-mechanical stability under atomic radiation and vacuum. Material stiffness was designed through careful geometric design, enabling controlled bending of four rigid phalanges connected by an elevated tape. This approach eliminates issues related to bolts, bearings, or lubricated joints, which are prone to failures such as lubrication degradation or cold-welding in space environments. The research focused on optimizing the joint tape thickness, testing 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.8 mm configurations. The resulting prototypes demonstrated remarkable lightness ranging from 8.1 g to 8.3 g while successfully enveloping a 1U CubeSat mock-up and various soft or irregular objects. Experimental testing identified the 0.5 mm configuration as the most efficient, achieving a paired gripping force of at least 0.6 N. The system exhibited excellent dynamic behavior, reaching a fatigue life exceeding 1000 cycles with less than 10% mechanical degradation. Full recovery of mechanical properties was observed after rest periods, as the material never entered a plastic deformation regime nor delaminated when actuated with a tendon tension of 5 N, corresponding to a pull-out force of about 0.4 N. From a kinematic point of view, the gripper provides a wide range of motion, with tip deflections of approximately 40° in the first section and 120° in the second, ensuring the flexibility required to capture objects of varying sizes. Owing to the thermotropic nature of LCP, the device is fully recyclable and compatible with future In-Space Manufacturing systems, establishing itself as an ideal solution for long duration missions where ground logistics reduction and sustainability are mandatory requirements.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252954