Germanium telluride (GeTe) is a prototypical ferroelectric Rashba semiconductor that combines switchable ferroelectric polarization and strong spin-orbit coupling, enabling electrically controlled, low-power spintronic devices compatible with silicon technology. Unlocking the full potential of these coupled functionalities requires the synthesis of high-quality epitaxial chalcogenide thin films and in situ band-structure characterization to assess their potential. For these reasons, a UHV tool able to combine epitaxial growth and advanced spectroscopic investigation is highly desirable for quantum materials research. This thesis reports the commissioning and early optimization of a newly installed ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) platform integrating molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with in situ band-structure spectroscopy by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Commissioning started with system assembly and verification of UHV conditions. Effusion-cell fluxes were calibrated using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and cross-checked by ex situ X-ray reflectivity (XRR) thickness mapping. The growth of rhombohedral alpha-GeTe was studied on epi-ready Si(111) substrates, cleaned by degreasing and oxide removal. In vacuo annealing was then performed at 720 C while monitoring surface order in situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). A target 25 nm GeTe film was deposited by co-evaporation of Ge and Te, yielding a 25.5 nm film with low roughness and good thickness uniformity (XRR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed an approximately 4 degrees substrate miscut from the (111) plane, likely limiting reconstruction stability and long-range crystalline order; nevertheless, the onset of a preferential (111) out-of-plane orientation was observed. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated a Ge-rich stoichiometry (approximately Ge 65%, Te 35%), highlighting the need for a higher Te flux to compensate for desorption. XPS surveys after UHV transfer confirmed low surface contamination. Overall, this work metrologically validates the integrated UHV platform and defines the operational conditions required to achieve stoichiometric, device-grade GeTe epitaxy for future electronic band-structure investigations.
Il tellururo di germanio (GeTe) rappresenta un sistema prototipico per i semiconduttori ferroelettrici di tipo Rashba. La coesistenza di una polarizzazione ferroelettrica invertibile e di un forte accoppiamento spin-orbita apre la strada ad architetture spintroniche a basso consumo, controllabili elettricamente e compatibili con la tecnologia del silicio. Sfruttare appieno il potenziale di tali funzionalità accoppiate impone tuttavia la sintesi di film epitassiali di altissima qualità; inoltre, una caratterizzazione in situ della loro struttura a bande è essenziale per valutarne le proprietà. Per queste ragioni, una strumentazione in ultra-alto vuoto (UHV) capace di combinare la crescita epitassiale e l’indagine spettroscopica avanzata è particolarmente utile nello studio dei materiali quantistici. Questo lavoro descrive la messa in opera e l’ottimizzazione preliminare di una piattaforma UHV di nuova installazione che integra l’epitassia da fascio molecolare (MBE) con la caratterizzazione della struttura a bande mediante spettroscopia di fotoemissione risolta in angolo (ARPES). La messa in opera è partita dall’assemblaggio del sistema e dalla verifica delle condizioni di UHV. I flussi delle celle di effusione sono stati calibrati tramite microbilancia al quarzo (QCM) e validati ex situ mediante mappatura degli spessori con riflettività a raggi X (XRR). È stato inoltre implementato un protocollo di preparazione per substrati Si(111), monitorato mediante RHEED. La prima co-deposizione di GeTe ha prodotto un film di 25.5 nm, in ottimo accordo con il target di 25 nm, con bassa rugosità e buona uniformità confermata tramite XRR. La diffrazione a raggi X (XRD) ha evidenziato un’orientazione preferenziale (111) fuori piano, rivelando però un miscut del substrato di circa 4 gradi, che ha verosimilmente limitato l’ordine cristallino a lungo raggio. Le analisi al microscopio elettronico a scansione (SEM-EDX) e la spettroscopia fotoelettronica a raggi X (XPS) hanno restituito una stechiometria ricca di germanio (circa Ge 65%, Te 35%), indicando il possibile desorbimento del tellurio e suggerendo di aumentare il flusso di Te per compensarne la desorbizione. Infine, gli spettri XPS acquisiti dopo il trasferimento in UHV hanno confermato l’assenza di contaminazioni superficiali significative. Complessivamente, questo lavoro valida dal punto di vista metrologico la piattaforma integrata e fornisce un piano d’azione operativo per ottenere film epitassiali di GeTe stechiometrico, ponendo le basi per future indagini della struttura a bande.
Commissioning of an integrated UHV-MBE platform for controlled epitaxial growth of GeTe thin films
Trentini, Leonardo
2024/2025
Abstract
Germanium telluride (GeTe) is a prototypical ferroelectric Rashba semiconductor that combines switchable ferroelectric polarization and strong spin-orbit coupling, enabling electrically controlled, low-power spintronic devices compatible with silicon technology. Unlocking the full potential of these coupled functionalities requires the synthesis of high-quality epitaxial chalcogenide thin films and in situ band-structure characterization to assess their potential. For these reasons, a UHV tool able to combine epitaxial growth and advanced spectroscopic investigation is highly desirable for quantum materials research. This thesis reports the commissioning and early optimization of a newly installed ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) platform integrating molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with in situ band-structure spectroscopy by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Commissioning started with system assembly and verification of UHV conditions. Effusion-cell fluxes were calibrated using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and cross-checked by ex situ X-ray reflectivity (XRR) thickness mapping. The growth of rhombohedral alpha-GeTe was studied on epi-ready Si(111) substrates, cleaned by degreasing and oxide removal. In vacuo annealing was then performed at 720 C while monitoring surface order in situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). A target 25 nm GeTe film was deposited by co-evaporation of Ge and Te, yielding a 25.5 nm film with low roughness and good thickness uniformity (XRR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed an approximately 4 degrees substrate miscut from the (111) plane, likely limiting reconstruction stability and long-range crystalline order; nevertheless, the onset of a preferential (111) out-of-plane orientation was observed. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated a Ge-rich stoichiometry (approximately Ge 65%, Te 35%), highlighting the need for a higher Te flux to compensate for desorption. XPS surveys after UHV transfer confirmed low surface contamination. Overall, this work metrologically validates the integrated UHV platform and defines the operational conditions required to achieve stoichiometric, device-grade GeTe epitaxy for future electronic band-structure investigations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Trentini_executive_summary.pdf
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2026_03_Trentini_tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253013