As rapid urbanization intensifies challenges related to mobility, environmental sustainability, and public service provision, cities increasingly rely on digital and data driven solutions. In parallel, the accelerated development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a key enabler of smart city initiatives worldwide. This thesis explores the current state of the art in the application of AI within smart city projects, to systematically analyze their objectives, methodological characteristics, and areas of application. The research adopts a structured methodological framework that combines a comprehensive literature review with the creation of a dedicated database of AI-enabled smart city projects implemented between 2023 and 2025 across multiple countries. This database supports a qualitative and comparative analysis of projects based on smart city domains, application scope, and technical intensity, enabling the identification of patterns and trends in contemporary AI adoption. The analysis indicates that AI deployment in smart cities exhibits a clear domain-oriented specialization, with projects differing significantly in terms of technical complexity, integration level, and functional focus. The classification of applications into lightweight versus intensive and narrow versus broad categories highlights the heterogeneous nature of current implementations and reflects the influence of data availability, operational constraints, and policy objectives on technological choices. At the conclusion of the analysis, it becomes possible to understand the current state of smart city projects as well as the emerging challenges associated with scaling these projects toward broader domains and developing an integrated ecosystem that encompasses all components of a city and enables a reliable, data‑driven urban environment.
Poiché la rapida urbanizzazione intensifica le sfide relative alla mobilità, alla sostenibilità ambientale e all’erogazione dei servizi pubblici, le città si affidano sempre più a soluzioni digitali e basate sui dati. Parallelamente, lo sviluppo accelerato dell’Intelligenza Artificiale (IA) è diventato un fattore abilitante fondamentale per le iniziative di smart city in tutto il mondo. Questa tesi esplora l’attuale stato dell’arte nell’applicazione dell’IA all’interno dei progetti di smart city, al fine di analizzarne sistematicamente gli obiettivi, le caratteristiche metodologiche e le aree di applicazione. La ricerca adotta un quadro metodologico strutturato che combina una revisione completa della letteratura con la creazione di un database dedicato di progetti di smart city basati sull’IA, implementati tra il 2023 e il 2025 in diversi paesi. Questo database supporta un’analisi qualitativa e comparativa dei progetti basata sui domini delle smart city, sull’ambito di applicazione e sull’intensità tecnica, consentendo l’identificazione di modelli e tendenze nell’adozione contemporanea dell’IA. L’analisi indica che l’implementazione dell’IA nelle smart city mostra una chiara specializzazione orientata al dominio, con progetti che differiscono significativamente in termini di complessità tecnica, livello di integrazione e focus funzionale. La classificazione delle applicazioni nelle categorie lightweight (leggere) rispetto a intensive (intensive) e narrow (limitate) rispetto a broad (ampie) evidenzia la natura eterogenea delle attuali implementazioni e riflette l’influenza della disponibilità dei dati, dei vincoli operativi e degli obiettivi politici sulle scelte tecnologiche. In conclusione, dell’analisi, diventa possibile comprendere lo stato attuale dei progetti di smart city, nonché le sfide emergenti associate alla scalabilità di questi progetti verso domini più ampi e allo sviluppo di un ecosistema integrato che comprenda tutte le componenti di una città e permetta la realizzazione di un ambiente urbano affidabile e guidato dai dati.
AI and smart city: smart technologies for future cities - an analysis of italian and european projects
AHMADI, FATEMEH
2025/2026
Abstract
As rapid urbanization intensifies challenges related to mobility, environmental sustainability, and public service provision, cities increasingly rely on digital and data driven solutions. In parallel, the accelerated development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a key enabler of smart city initiatives worldwide. This thesis explores the current state of the art in the application of AI within smart city projects, to systematically analyze their objectives, methodological characteristics, and areas of application. The research adopts a structured methodological framework that combines a comprehensive literature review with the creation of a dedicated database of AI-enabled smart city projects implemented between 2023 and 2025 across multiple countries. This database supports a qualitative and comparative analysis of projects based on smart city domains, application scope, and technical intensity, enabling the identification of patterns and trends in contemporary AI adoption. The analysis indicates that AI deployment in smart cities exhibits a clear domain-oriented specialization, with projects differing significantly in terms of technical complexity, integration level, and functional focus. The classification of applications into lightweight versus intensive and narrow versus broad categories highlights the heterogeneous nature of current implementations and reflects the influence of data availability, operational constraints, and policy objectives on technological choices. At the conclusion of the analysis, it becomes possible to understand the current state of smart city projects as well as the emerging challenges associated with scaling these projects toward broader domains and developing an integrated ecosystem that encompasses all components of a city and enables a reliable, data‑driven urban environment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Ahmadi_Thesis_01.pdf
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2026_03_Ahmadi_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253056