Over the past two decades, a persistent divergence in economic performance has reshaped the global landscape. While the United States has remained at the technological frontier and China has sustained rapid industrial upgrading, the European Union has experienced a prolonged productivity slowdown. This thesis investigates the structural and institutional drivers of Europe's productivity problem, assessing whether a selective industrial policy can be a viable response under EU governance and market fragmentation constraints. The study combines a comparative diagnosis with a prescriptive design. It first documents the evolution of the EU-US-China productivity gap, relating it to sectoral dynamics and a European "middle-technology trap." It then disaggregates the European case by comparing the institutional models of Germany, France, and Italy, which condition firm behavior and diffusion capacity. The analysis is complemented by an examination of China and India as benchmark cases of techno-industrial strategy. The thesis argues that the binding constraint is not the absence of technologies but weak diffusion and scale-up in a fragmented environment. Productivity gains are concentrated among a thin frontier of firms, while a long tail adopts innovations slowly. The post-2019 shock sequence has exacerbated these frictions, reinforcing divergence across firms and regions. Building on this diagnosis, the thesis develops an operational framework for a selective industrial policy that is disciplined, testable, and resistant to capture. It proposes a three-level architecture: macro reforms, a Strategic Positioning and Selection Matrix with conditionality and exit rules, and a delivery layer to coordinate ecosystems and accelerate diffusion at scale. The core contribution is a policy operating system that links selectivity to measurable upgrading outcomes rather than to spending volumes.
Negli ultimi due decenni, una persistente divergenza nelle performance economiche ha ridisegnato il panorama globale. Mentre gli Stati Uniti hanno mantenuto la leadership alla frontiera tecnologica e la Cina ha sostenuto un rapido upgrading industriale, l’Unione Europea ha attraversato un prolungato rallentamento della produttività. Questa tesi analizza i driver strutturali e istituzionali del problema europeo di produttività, valutando se una politica industriale selettiva possa rappresentare una risposta credibile, date le condizioni di governance dell’UE e la frammentazione del mercato. Lo studio combina una diagnosi comparata con una proposta prescrittiva. In primo luogo, documenta l’evoluzione del divario di produttività tra UE, Stati Uniti e Cina, collegandolo a dinamiche settoriali e all’emergere di una “middle technology trap” europea. In secondo luogo, disaggrega il caso europeo confrontando i modelli istituzionali di Germania, Francia e Italia, che condizionano il comportamento delle imprese e la capacità di diffusione dell’innovazione. L’analisi è completata dall’esame di Cina e India come casi di riferimento di strategia tecno industriale. La tesi sostiene che il vincolo principale non sia l’assenza di tecnologie, ma la debolezza dei meccanismi di diffusione e di scale up in un contesto frammentato. I guadagni di produttività si concentrano in una fascia ristretta di imprese di frontiera, mentre una lunga coda adotta le innovazioni lentamente. La sequenza di shock successivi al 2019 ha aggravato tali frizioni, rafforzando la divergenza tra imprese e territori. Su questa base, la tesi sviluppa un framework operativo di politica industriale selettiva, pensato per essere disciplinato, verificabile e meno esposto alla cattura. Propone un’architettura a tre livelli: riforme macro, una Strategic Positioning and Selection Matrix con condizionalità e regole di uscita, e un livello di delivery volto a coordinare gli ecosistemi e accelerare la diffusione su larga scala. Il contributo centrale è un sistema operativo di policy che lega la selettività a risultati misurabili di upgrading, più che ai volumi di spesa.
European productivity in the global context: analysis, comparison with emerging economies, and selective industrial policy models for a new european competitiveness
DIODORO, ERCOLE LUIGI
2025/2026
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a persistent divergence in economic performance has reshaped the global landscape. While the United States has remained at the technological frontier and China has sustained rapid industrial upgrading, the European Union has experienced a prolonged productivity slowdown. This thesis investigates the structural and institutional drivers of Europe's productivity problem, assessing whether a selective industrial policy can be a viable response under EU governance and market fragmentation constraints. The study combines a comparative diagnosis with a prescriptive design. It first documents the evolution of the EU-US-China productivity gap, relating it to sectoral dynamics and a European "middle-technology trap." It then disaggregates the European case by comparing the institutional models of Germany, France, and Italy, which condition firm behavior and diffusion capacity. The analysis is complemented by an examination of China and India as benchmark cases of techno-industrial strategy. The thesis argues that the binding constraint is not the absence of technologies but weak diffusion and scale-up in a fragmented environment. Productivity gains are concentrated among a thin frontier of firms, while a long tail adopts innovations slowly. The post-2019 shock sequence has exacerbated these frictions, reinforcing divergence across firms and regions. Building on this diagnosis, the thesis develops an operational framework for a selective industrial policy that is disciplined, testable, and resistant to capture. It proposes a three-level architecture: macro reforms, a Strategic Positioning and Selection Matrix with conditionality and exit rules, and a delivery layer to coordinate ecosystems and accelerate diffusion at scale. The core contribution is a policy operating system that links selectivity to measurable upgrading outcomes rather than to spending volumes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Diodoro_Executive Summary.pdf
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2026_03_Diodoro_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253060