The development of heat pipe–cooled Micro Modular Reactors has intensified the need for reliable, high-temperature alkali-metal heat pipes capable of operating under fully passive conditions. In these systems, thermal energy removal relies entirely on two-phase sealed devices, making fabrication quality, startup dynamics, and operational limits critical to reactor safety and performance. This thesis presents the experimental development and characterization of a potassium heat pipe designed for high-temperature nuclear applications. The work encompasses the entire process chain, including wick design and fabrication, working fluid preparation and filling, high-temperature vacuum conditioning, and systematic performance testing. The capillary structure was experimentally characterized through a gravity-based mass rate-of-rise technique, enabling the determination of permeability, effective pore radius, and porosity of the screen-mesh wick. These parameters were subsequently linked to the thermal transport capability of the device. A dedicated test facility was designed to characterize both transient and steady-state behavior under controlled heat input and inclination conditions. Particular emphasis was placed on startup from frozen conditions, identifying a transition temperature associated with the establishment of continuum vapor flow. The observed symmetry between startup and shutdown transients confirms the thermodynamic consistency of the process and supports a rigorous definition of complete startup time. Steady-state testing included axial temperature mapping and equivalent thermal resistance evaluation, demonstrating quasi-isothermal operation within the stable regime and clarifying the influence of gravity on the operational envelope. The study provides a fully traceable experimental dataset connecting fabrication parameters, wick properties, transient activation mechanisms, and steady-state heat transport limits. The results contribute to the experimental foundation required for validation of predictive models and support the design of heat pipe–cooled microreactor systems operating under passive safety constraints.
Il rinnovato interesse dell'industria per i Micro Reattori Modulari (o MMR) ha riacceso l'interesse per gli heat pipes a metalli alcalini, in quanto sistema di raffeddamento passivo ed auto-regolante. Tali reattori utilizzano gli heat pipes per estrarre il calore generato dal nucleo del reattore minimizzando le perdite di temperatura. Pertanto, la qualità di fabbricazione, il comportamento allo startup ed i limiti operativi degli heat pipes sono fattori determinanti per la sicurezza e le prestazioni del reattore di cui costituiscono il sistema di raffreddamento primario. La presente tesi descrive lo sviluppo e la caratterizzazione sperimentale di una heat pipe al potassio per applicazioni nucleari ad alta temperatura. Il lavoro copre l’intero processo realizzativo: progettazione e fabbricazione della struttura capillare, preparazione e caricamento del fluido di lavoro, degasaggio sotto vuoto ad alta temperatura e campagna sperimentale di validazione delle prestazioni. La struttura capillare è stata caratterizzata mediante il metodo gravitazionale mass rate-of-rise, determinando sperimentalmente permeabilità, raggio di poro efficace e porosità, successivamente correlati alla capacità di trasporto termico del dispositivo. È stata realizzata un’infrastruttura sperimentale dedicata per l’analisi del comportamento transitorio e stazionario al variare della potenza termica e dell’inclinazione. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta all'avviamento da stato solido, individuando una temperatura di transizione associata all’instaurarsi del regime di flusso di vapore continuo. La coerenza osservata tra startup e shutdown conferma la reversibilità termodinamica del processo e supporta una definizione rigorosa del tempo di attivazione completa. In regime stazionario, l’analisi dei profili assiali di temperatura e della resistenza termica equivalente ha evidenziato un comportamento quasi isotermo entro l’intervallo operativo stabile e chiarito il ruolo della gravità nel delimitare la regione di operatività. Il lavoro fornisce un dataset sperimentale completo che collega parametri di fabbricazione, proprietà del wick, meccanismi di attivazione e limiti di trasporto termico. I risultati supportano la validazione di modelli predittivi e la progettazione di microreattori raffreddati passivamente mediante heat pipe.
Experimental study on frozen startup and thermal performance of a potassium heat pipe
Germini, Alessandra
2024/2025
Abstract
The development of heat pipe–cooled Micro Modular Reactors has intensified the need for reliable, high-temperature alkali-metal heat pipes capable of operating under fully passive conditions. In these systems, thermal energy removal relies entirely on two-phase sealed devices, making fabrication quality, startup dynamics, and operational limits critical to reactor safety and performance. This thesis presents the experimental development and characterization of a potassium heat pipe designed for high-temperature nuclear applications. The work encompasses the entire process chain, including wick design and fabrication, working fluid preparation and filling, high-temperature vacuum conditioning, and systematic performance testing. The capillary structure was experimentally characterized through a gravity-based mass rate-of-rise technique, enabling the determination of permeability, effective pore radius, and porosity of the screen-mesh wick. These parameters were subsequently linked to the thermal transport capability of the device. A dedicated test facility was designed to characterize both transient and steady-state behavior under controlled heat input and inclination conditions. Particular emphasis was placed on startup from frozen conditions, identifying a transition temperature associated with the establishment of continuum vapor flow. The observed symmetry between startup and shutdown transients confirms the thermodynamic consistency of the process and supports a rigorous definition of complete startup time. Steady-state testing included axial temperature mapping and equivalent thermal resistance evaluation, demonstrating quasi-isothermal operation within the stable regime and clarifying the influence of gravity on the operational envelope. The study provides a fully traceable experimental dataset connecting fabrication parameters, wick properties, transient activation mechanisms, and steady-state heat transport limits. The results contribute to the experimental foundation required for validation of predictive models and support the design of heat pipe–cooled microreactor systems operating under passive safety constraints.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_3_Germini_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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2026_3_Germini_ExecutiveSummary .pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253115