“It is the destiny of the man-made environment to vanish, but we, short-lived men and women, look at our buildings so convinced they will stand forever that when some do collapse, we are surprised and concerned,” writes Mario Salvadori in his book Why Buildings Fall Down. In the nineteenth century, railway axles suddenly fractured. A century later, in the 1950s, Comet aircraft disintegrated in the skies over Europe. In 1967, the Silver Bridge in Ohio collapsed within moments, dragging vehicles and human lives with it. In the same period, in the North Sea, offshore oil platforms that appeared robust gave way under the incessant action of waves. Events distant in time, different in scale, function, and technology, yet united by a common cause: fatigue. Not exceptional loads, not extreme events, but the silent and repeated action over time. The understanding of such phenomena has made it evident that the cyclic behaviour of structures is strongly influenced by construction details and connections, which are often not adequately described by traditional code-based models. This has highlighted the need for specific in-depth studies on those construction solutions that, although widely adopted in practice, still lack a consolidated design framework. The present work investigates the fatigue behaviour of base plate connections in a stand-off configuration subjected to shear loading. Although this type of connection is widely used in several application fields, designers are currently not provided with specific verification tools. After a general overview of anchorage typologies and of fatigue behaviour in a broader sense, the thesis focuses on the analysis of the experimental campaign carried out at Politecnico di Milano, within a wider research programme that included tests on both stand-off connections and traditional flush-mounted connections, in which the base plate is in direct contact with the concrete support. In particular, for the stand-off configuration, two different solutions were investigated, characterised by the use of bars with diameters of 12 mm and 16 mm, in order to assess the influence of stand-off distance, spacing, and bar diameter on the fatigue life of the connection. The experimental results finally allowed the construction of Wöhler (S–N) curves for the different configurations analysed, enabling a direct comparison between the different anchorage systems and contributing to a deeper understanding of their structural performance. In the final part of the present study, a case study is also proposed in which a stand-off connection for a cantilever traffic sign structure is analysed, carrying out the necessary verifications and observing the influence of the stand-off distance on the behaviour of the connection.
“È destino dell’ambiente costruito dall’uomo svanire; eppure, noi, uomini e donne dalla vita breve, guardiamo ai nostri edifici così convinti che resteranno in piedi per sempre che, quando alcuni crollano, ne restiamo sopresi e turbati” scrive Mario Salvadori nel suo libro Why Buildings Fall Down. Nel XIX secolo gli assi ferroviari si spezzano improvvisamente. Un secolo dopo, negli anni Cinquanta, gli aerei Comet si disintegrano nei cieli europei. Nel 1967 il Silver Bridge, in Ohio, collassa in pochi istanti trascinando con sé veicoli e vite umane. Nello stesso periodo, nel Mare del Nord, piattaforme petrolifere apparentemente robuste cedono sotto l’azione incessante delle onde. Eventi lontani nel tempo, diversi per scala, funzione e tecnologia, ma uniti da una stessa causa: la fatica. Non il carico eccezionale, non l’evento estremo, bensì l’azione silenziosa e ripetuta nel tempo. La comprensione di tali fenomeni ha reso evidente come il comportamento ciclico delle strutture sia fortemente influenzato dai dettagli costruttivi e dai collegamenti, spesso non adeguatamente descritti dai modelli normativi tradizionali, rendendo necessario un approfondimento specifico su quelle soluzioni costruttive che, pur ampiamente diffuse nella pratica, risultano ancora prive di un inquadramento progettuale consolidato. Il presente lavoro analizza il comportamento a fatica di connessioni su piastra di base in configurazione stand-off sollecitati a taglio, una tipologia di collegamento che, pur essendo ampiamente utilizzata in diversi ambiti applicativi, lascia il progettista privo di specifici strumenti di verifica. Dopo un inquadramento generale sulle tipologie di ancoraggio e sul comportamento a fatica in senso lato, la tesi si focalizza sull’analisi della campagna sperimentale condotta presso il Politecnico di Milano, inserita all’interno di un programma di ricerca più ampio che ha previsto l’esecuzione di prove sia su connessioni in configurazione stand-off sia su connessioni tradizionali in configurazione flush-mounted, nelle quali la piastra di base è aderente al supporto in calcestruzzo. In particolare, per la configurazione stand-off sono state investigate due differenti soluzioni, caratterizzate dall’impiego di barre di diametro pari a 12 mm e 16 mm, al fine di valutare l’influenza della distanza di stand-off, dell’interasse e del diametro delle barre sulla vita a fatica della connessione. I risultati sperimentali hanno infine consentito la costruzione delle curve di Wöhler per le diverse configurazioni analizzate, permettendo un confronto diretto tra i differenti sistemi di ancoraggio e contribuendo a una maggiore comprensione delle loro prestazioni strutturali. Nell’ultima parte della presente trattazione viene inoltre proposto un caso studio in cui si analizza una connessione in configurazione stand-off per una struttura segnaletica a mensola, eseguendo le verifiche necessarie e valutando l’influenza della distanza di stand-off sul comportamento della connessione.
Indagine sul comportamento a fatica di ancoraggi stand-off soggetti a taglio
Farruku, Endi
2025/2026
Abstract
“It is the destiny of the man-made environment to vanish, but we, short-lived men and women, look at our buildings so convinced they will stand forever that when some do collapse, we are surprised and concerned,” writes Mario Salvadori in his book Why Buildings Fall Down. In the nineteenth century, railway axles suddenly fractured. A century later, in the 1950s, Comet aircraft disintegrated in the skies over Europe. In 1967, the Silver Bridge in Ohio collapsed within moments, dragging vehicles and human lives with it. In the same period, in the North Sea, offshore oil platforms that appeared robust gave way under the incessant action of waves. Events distant in time, different in scale, function, and technology, yet united by a common cause: fatigue. Not exceptional loads, not extreme events, but the silent and repeated action over time. The understanding of such phenomena has made it evident that the cyclic behaviour of structures is strongly influenced by construction details and connections, which are often not adequately described by traditional code-based models. This has highlighted the need for specific in-depth studies on those construction solutions that, although widely adopted in practice, still lack a consolidated design framework. The present work investigates the fatigue behaviour of base plate connections in a stand-off configuration subjected to shear loading. Although this type of connection is widely used in several application fields, designers are currently not provided with specific verification tools. After a general overview of anchorage typologies and of fatigue behaviour in a broader sense, the thesis focuses on the analysis of the experimental campaign carried out at Politecnico di Milano, within a wider research programme that included tests on both stand-off connections and traditional flush-mounted connections, in which the base plate is in direct contact with the concrete support. In particular, for the stand-off configuration, two different solutions were investigated, characterised by the use of bars with diameters of 12 mm and 16 mm, in order to assess the influence of stand-off distance, spacing, and bar diameter on the fatigue life of the connection. The experimental results finally allowed the construction of Wöhler (S–N) curves for the different configurations analysed, enabling a direct comparison between the different anchorage systems and contributing to a deeper understanding of their structural performance. In the final part of the present study, a case study is also proposed in which a stand-off connection for a cantilever traffic sign structure is analysed, carrying out the necessary verifications and observing the influence of the stand-off distance on the behaviour of the connection.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Farruku.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253142