Angiogenesis is the fundamental morphogenetic process through which a new vascular network is generated from a pre-existing capillary bed, an essential mechanism for tissue homeostasis whose alteration underlies numerous pathologies, from tumors to ischemia. This work focuses on sprouting angiogenesis, the mechanism characterized by the coordinated migration of endothelial cells that form new vascular sprouts in response to gradients of growth factors such as VEGF. Despite its biological importance, traditional in vivo and ex vivo models present limitations in terms of cost, reproducibility and the ability to replicate the mechanical stimuli of the human microenvironment. In this context, the aim of the thesis is the systematic optimization of an angiogenesis-on-a-chip microfluidic platform to establish a robust and physiologically relevant endothelial interface. The research focused on tuning the geometric, biochemical and cellular parameters necessary to ensure the formation of a stable cellular monolayer and the subsequent invasion of vascular sprouts into a 3D collagen matrix. Among the most relevant activities, the study identified an optimal seeding density of 4.5 × 106 cells/mL, a value that guarantees the best balance between the formation of cell-cell junctions and the stability of the monolayer under flow. A further significant contribution concerns surface functionalization: comparative analysis demonstrated that, while gelatin coatings are unstable at physiological temperatures, the use of fibronectin or type I collagen promotes superior cell adhesion and more consistent morphogenesis. To improve data standardization and reduce operator-related variability, an automated image analysis pipeline based on adaptive thresholding was implemented and validated, showing a relative error of less than 3% compared to manual methods. Finally, through dextran diffusion experiments and targeted stimulations, it was demonstrated that sprouting success is probably dependent on the use of low-passage cells and direct VEGF administration into the microfluidic channels. The results obtained provide a reproducible methodological framework for the application of these vascular models in drug screening and the advanced study of vascular diseases
L’angiogenesi è il processo morfogenetico fondamentale attraverso il quale si genera una nuova rete vascolare a partire da un letto capillare preesistente, un meccanismo essenziale per l’omeostasi tissutale la cui alterazione è alla base di numerose patologie, dai tumori alle ischemie. Questo lavoro si concentra sull’angiogenesi germinativa, il meccanismo caratterizzato dalla migrazione coordinata di cellule endoteliali che formano nuovi "germogli" vascolari in risposta a gradienti di fattori di crescita come il VEGF. Nonostante l’importanza biologica, i modelli tradizionali in vivo ed ex vivo presentano limitazioni in termini di costi, riproducibilità e capacità di replicare gli stimoli meccanici del microambiente umano. In questo contesto, lo scopo della tesi è l’ottimizzazione sistematica di una piattaforma microfluidica angiogenesis-on-a-chip per stabilire un’interfaccia endoteliale robusta e fisiologicamente rilevante. La ricerca si è focalizzata sulla messa a punto dei parametri geometrici, biochimici e cellulari necessari per garantire la formazione di un monostrato cellulare stabile e la successiva invasione dei germogli vascolari in una matrice 3D di collagene. Tra le attività più rilevanti, lo studio ha permesso di identificare una densità di semina ottimale di 4.5 × 106 cells/mL, valore che garantisce il miglior equilibrio tra la formazione di giunzioni cellula-cellula e la stabilità del monostrato sotto flusso. Un ulteriore contributo significativo riguarda la funzionalizzazione delle superfici: l’analisi comparativa ha dimostrato che, mentre i rivestimenti in gelatina risultano instabili alle temperature fisiologiche, l’uso di fibronectina o collagene di tipo I promuove un’adesione cellulare superiore e una morfogenesi più consistente. Per migliorare la standardizzazione dei dati e ridurre la variabilità legata all’operatore, è stata implementata e validata una pipeline di analisi d’immagine automatizzata basata su thresholding adattivo, che ha mostrato un errore relativo inferiore al 3% rispetto ai metodi manuali. Infine, attraverso esperimenti di diffusione con destrano e stimolazioni mirate, è stato dimostrato che il successo dello sprouting è probabilmente dipendente dall’uso di cellule a basso passaggio e da una somministrazione diretta del VEGF nei canali microfluidici. I risultati ottenuti forniscono un framework metodologico riproducibile per l’applicazione di questi modelli vascolari nello screening farmacologico e nello studio avanzato delle patologie vascolari.
Experimental optimization of an angiogenesis-on-a-chip platform: systematic tuning of microfluidic parameters
Santini, Allegra
2024/2025
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the fundamental morphogenetic process through which a new vascular network is generated from a pre-existing capillary bed, an essential mechanism for tissue homeostasis whose alteration underlies numerous pathologies, from tumors to ischemia. This work focuses on sprouting angiogenesis, the mechanism characterized by the coordinated migration of endothelial cells that form new vascular sprouts in response to gradients of growth factors such as VEGF. Despite its biological importance, traditional in vivo and ex vivo models present limitations in terms of cost, reproducibility and the ability to replicate the mechanical stimuli of the human microenvironment. In this context, the aim of the thesis is the systematic optimization of an angiogenesis-on-a-chip microfluidic platform to establish a robust and physiologically relevant endothelial interface. The research focused on tuning the geometric, biochemical and cellular parameters necessary to ensure the formation of a stable cellular monolayer and the subsequent invasion of vascular sprouts into a 3D collagen matrix. Among the most relevant activities, the study identified an optimal seeding density of 4.5 × 106 cells/mL, a value that guarantees the best balance between the formation of cell-cell junctions and the stability of the monolayer under flow. A further significant contribution concerns surface functionalization: comparative analysis demonstrated that, while gelatin coatings are unstable at physiological temperatures, the use of fibronectin or type I collagen promotes superior cell adhesion and more consistent morphogenesis. To improve data standardization and reduce operator-related variability, an automated image analysis pipeline based on adaptive thresholding was implemented and validated, showing a relative error of less than 3% compared to manual methods. Finally, through dextran diffusion experiments and targeted stimulations, it was demonstrated that sprouting success is probably dependent on the use of low-passage cells and direct VEGF administration into the microfluidic channels. The results obtained provide a reproducible methodological framework for the application of these vascular models in drug screening and the advanced study of vascular diseases| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi sull'ottimizzazione di un processo di angiogenesi su una piattaforma microfluidica di organ-on-chip
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253162