Wildfires are among the most impactful natural phenomena affecting ecosystems, capable of triggering profound alterations in hydrological and geomorphological processes. This thesis investigates the effects of high temperatures on the physical and hydraulic properties of soil, focusing on the development of soil water repellency and its implications for hydrology and slope stability. To address the complexity of the phenomenon, a multi-scale approach was adopted. Laboratory thermal simulations were conducted on sand, natural soil collected from a coniferous forest, and their mixtures. In addition to the conventional muffle furnace, the experimental campaign introduced the innovative use of a Shock Tube to replicate the direct flame exposure typical of real wildfires. Post-heating hydraulic response was analyzed through falling-head permeameter tests, infiltration tests, and rainfall simulations. At slope scale, in situ investigations (infiltrometer and WDPT tests) were carried out in the Sorico (CO) case study area seven years after the 2018 wildfire, and were integrated with satellite analyses (NDVI and NBR indices) to monitor vegetation recovery. Results confirm the key role of organic matter in soil water repellency: temperature activates its development through volatilization and condensation of hydrophobic compounds, with intensification between 250°C and 300°C. Organic matter reduces soil thermal conductivity, generating strong thermal gradients, while heat-induced degradation can cause volumetric contractions of up to 70%. Rainfall tests performed on the Shock Tube–heated sample show that direct flame action can fracture the superficial hydrophobic crust, resulting—contrary to what is commonly reported in the literature—in a high initial infiltration capacity driven by strong suction and preferential flow paths. Rapid water penetration leads to early saturation into a structurally degraded soil, increasing susceptibility to debris flows and shallow landslides. Satellite analysis finally highlights a slow recovery of vegetation, with indices progressively converging toward values typical of herbaceous cover, whose natural evolution was subsequently modified by the 2025 reforestation activities.
Gli incendi boschivi rappresentano uno dei fenomeni naturali più impattanti per gli ecosistemi, in grado di innescare profonde alterazioni nei processi idrologici e geomorfologici. Questa tesi indaga gli effetti delle alte temperature sulle proprietà fisiche e idrauliche del suolo, focalizzandosi sullo sviluppo dell’idrorepellenza e sulle implicazioni per l’idrologia e la stabilità dei versanti. Per affrontare la complessità del fenomeno, è stato adottato un approccio multiscala. In laboratorio sono state condotte simulazioni termiche in laboratorio su sabbia, suolo naturale di foresta di conifere e loro miscele. Oltre al classico forno a muffola, la sperimentazione ha introdotto l’uso innovativo di uno Shock Tube per replicare l’esposizione diretta alla fiamma tipica di un incendio reale. La risposta idraulica post-riscaldamento è stata analizzata tramite permeametro a carico variabile, prove infiltrometriche e simulazioni di pioggia. A scala di versante, sono state eseguite indagini in situ (infiltrometro e test WDPT) nel caso studio di Sorico (CO) a sette anni dall'incendio del 2018, integrate da analisi satellitari (NDVI e NBR) per monitorare il recupero della vegetazione. I risultati confermano il ruolo determinante della materia organica sull’idrorepellenza: la temperatura ne attiva lo sviluppo tramite volatilizzazione e condensazione di composti idrofobi, con picco tra 250°C e 300°C. La sua presenza riduce la conducibilità termica del materiale, generando forti gradienti, mentre la degradazione indotta dal calore può causare contrazioni volumetriche fino al 70%. I test di pioggia eseguiti su campione riscaldato con Shock Tube mostrano come l’azione della fiamma possa fratturare la crosta idrofobica superficiale, determinando – in controtendenza rispetto alla letteratura classica - un’elevata capacità infiltrativa iniziale dovuta a forte suzione e percorsi preferenziali. Il rapido ingresso dell’acqua porta a saturazione precoce di un suolo strutturalmente degradato, aumentando la suscettibilità a debris flow e frane superficiali. L’analisi satellitare evidenzia infine un lento recupero della vegetazione, con indici convergenti verso valori tipici di coperture erbacee, la cui evoluzione naturale è stata modificata dalla riforestazione del 2025.
Multi-scale analysis of thermal alteration and hydrological response in soils after wildfires
STEFANONI, MIRIAM
2024/2025
Abstract
Wildfires are among the most impactful natural phenomena affecting ecosystems, capable of triggering profound alterations in hydrological and geomorphological processes. This thesis investigates the effects of high temperatures on the physical and hydraulic properties of soil, focusing on the development of soil water repellency and its implications for hydrology and slope stability. To address the complexity of the phenomenon, a multi-scale approach was adopted. Laboratory thermal simulations were conducted on sand, natural soil collected from a coniferous forest, and their mixtures. In addition to the conventional muffle furnace, the experimental campaign introduced the innovative use of a Shock Tube to replicate the direct flame exposure typical of real wildfires. Post-heating hydraulic response was analyzed through falling-head permeameter tests, infiltration tests, and rainfall simulations. At slope scale, in situ investigations (infiltrometer and WDPT tests) were carried out in the Sorico (CO) case study area seven years after the 2018 wildfire, and were integrated with satellite analyses (NDVI and NBR indices) to monitor vegetation recovery. Results confirm the key role of organic matter in soil water repellency: temperature activates its development through volatilization and condensation of hydrophobic compounds, with intensification between 250°C and 300°C. Organic matter reduces soil thermal conductivity, generating strong thermal gradients, while heat-induced degradation can cause volumetric contractions of up to 70%. Rainfall tests performed on the Shock Tube–heated sample show that direct flame action can fracture the superficial hydrophobic crust, resulting—contrary to what is commonly reported in the literature—in a high initial infiltration capacity driven by strong suction and preferential flow paths. Rapid water penetration leads to early saturation into a structurally degraded soil, increasing susceptibility to debris flows and shallow landslides. Satellite analysis finally highlights a slow recovery of vegetation, with indices progressively converging toward values typical of herbaceous cover, whose natural evolution was subsequently modified by the 2025 reforestation activities.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Stefanoni_Thesis.pdf
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2026_03_Stefanoni_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253202