Several strategies are implemented to mitigate climate change, including increasing renewables penetration, using heat pumps, and replacing natural gas with green fuels. This work, part of the PRIN 2022 national research project ECCO 2050, studies solutions to decarbonize the provision of heat and electricity to the city of Cremona, a medium size city in Northern Italy. The aim is to optimize the long-term planning of investment decisions related to the energy systems serving the city, with the final goal of achieving net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050. This optimization is performed using My-AESOPT, a software developed by the Energy Department of Politecnico di Milano for the design optimization of Aggregated Energy Systems. In the first part, the main energy demands of the city have been reconstructed by integrating several data sources. Then, different scenarios in terms of future boundary conditions are studied and optimized with My-AESOPT. As for the electricity grid, due to the difficulty in finding long-term forecasts of the electricity hourly prices profiles, two cases are considered: a reference case considering the current electricity price profiles and a case in which the energy mix of the national electricity grid is optimized. The results indicate that applying a carbon tax exceeding 300 €/tonCO2 in 2050 allows CO2 emissions to be reduced by 80%. While the energy mix of the national grid progressively shifts towards PV and wind, the optimal energy mix of the city shifts from natural gas to biomethane (locally available) and green hydrogen. The electricity required by the city is primarily produced by PV and combined cycles, while the heat is produced by boilers using biomethane and green hydrogen and heat pumps using local PV and imported green electricity. The storage utilization increased, charging during PV generation and discharging in the evening. The cost of avoided CO2 for these scenarios is equal to 28-40 €/tonCO2, depending on the grid model adopted. If the possibility of using biomethane is not considered, these decarbonization costs increase to 185 €/tonCO2, due to the increased consumption of costly green hydrogen and green electricity.
Oggi vengono adottate diverse strategie per contrastare il cambiamento climatico, tra cui l’utilizzo di fonti rinnovabili, pompe di calore, combustibili sostenibili al posto di gas naturale. Questa tesi, sviluppata nell’ambito del progetto PRIN 2022 “ECCO 2050”, studia soluzioni per decarbonizzare la produzione di energia elettrica e termica a Cremona, nel nord Italia. L'obiettivo è ottimizzare la pianificazione a lungo termine degli investimenti energetici comunali, per raggiungere emissioni di CO2 prossime allo zero entro il 2050. Per questo progetto è stato utilizzato il software My-AESOPT, sviluppato dal Dipartimento Energetico del Politecnico di Milano per ottimizzare Sistemi Energetici Aggregati (AES). Inizialmente, sono stati ricostruiti i fabbisogni energetici della città tramite diverse fonti, poi sono stati studiati e ottimizzati, tramite My-AESOPT, vari scenari in termini di condizioni al contorno future. Per la rete elettrica, considerando la difficoltà di reperire previsioni a lungo termine dei profili orari dei prezzi dell'elettricità, sono stati analizzati due casi: uno di riferimento, che considera i profili attuali dei prezzi dell'elettricità, ed uno che ottimizza il mix energetico della rete nazionale. I risultati indicano che una carbon tax superiore a 300 €/tonCO2 al 2050, riduce le emissioni dell'80%. Mentre il mix energetico della rete nazionale si sposta progressivamente verso fotovoltaico ed eolico, quello ottimale della città passa dal gas naturale al biometano (disponibile localmente) e all’idrogeno verde. La domanda elettrica nella città è soddisfatta principalmente da fotovoltaico e un ciclo combinato, mentre il calore proviene da caldaie a biometano e idrogeno verde e da pompe di calore, alimentate attraverso il fotovoltaico locale e l’elettricità sostenibile importata. L’utilizzo di batterie aumenta, con carica durante la generazione di PV e scarica nelle ore serali. Il costo della CO2 evitata per questi scenari è pari a 28-40 €/tonCO2, a seconda del modello di rete. Escludendo il biometano, i costi di decarbonizzazione aumentano a 185 €/tonCO2, a causa del consumo di idrogeno verde costoso ed elettricità sostenibile.
Optimization of the decarbonization pathway for Cremona, a medium city in Northern Italy, using My-AESOPT
Fumagalli, Chiara
2024/2025
Abstract
Several strategies are implemented to mitigate climate change, including increasing renewables penetration, using heat pumps, and replacing natural gas with green fuels. This work, part of the PRIN 2022 national research project ECCO 2050, studies solutions to decarbonize the provision of heat and electricity to the city of Cremona, a medium size city in Northern Italy. The aim is to optimize the long-term planning of investment decisions related to the energy systems serving the city, with the final goal of achieving net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050. This optimization is performed using My-AESOPT, a software developed by the Energy Department of Politecnico di Milano for the design optimization of Aggregated Energy Systems. In the first part, the main energy demands of the city have been reconstructed by integrating several data sources. Then, different scenarios in terms of future boundary conditions are studied and optimized with My-AESOPT. As for the electricity grid, due to the difficulty in finding long-term forecasts of the electricity hourly prices profiles, two cases are considered: a reference case considering the current electricity price profiles and a case in which the energy mix of the national electricity grid is optimized. The results indicate that applying a carbon tax exceeding 300 €/tonCO2 in 2050 allows CO2 emissions to be reduced by 80%. While the energy mix of the national grid progressively shifts towards PV and wind, the optimal energy mix of the city shifts from natural gas to biomethane (locally available) and green hydrogen. The electricity required by the city is primarily produced by PV and combined cycles, while the heat is produced by boilers using biomethane and green hydrogen and heat pumps using local PV and imported green electricity. The storage utilization increased, charging during PV generation and discharging in the evening. The cost of avoided CO2 for these scenarios is equal to 28-40 €/tonCO2, depending on the grid model adopted. If the possibility of using biomethane is not considered, these decarbonization costs increase to 185 €/tonCO2, due to the increased consumption of costly green hydrogen and green electricity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Fumagalli_Tesi.pdf
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2026_03_Fumagalli_Executive summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253206