This thesis investigates the feasibility and mission-level value of propulsion-chain electrification for Leonardo’s Advanced Tiltrotor Aircraft (ATA) through a consistent retrofit-oriented comparison of three architectures: a conventional mechanical drivetrain baseline, a turbo-electric power-controlled (tu-el pc) configuration, and a serial hybrid-electric (hy-el se) configuration. A coherent pre-sizing workflow is developed to size and compare the main propulsion subsystems affected by electrification—gearboxes, electric machines, power electronics, HVDC cabling, and thermal management—while keeping the airframe and rotor definition fixed to isolate architecture effects. The turbo-electric architecture is sized deterministically via backward power propagation from a hover sizing point; gearbox estimates are obtained from NDARC/AFDD correlations and cross-checked using Leonardo’s MAGDE. Thermal loads and auxiliary consumption are accounted for through a Chapman-based TMS surrogate, while HVDC cable mass and losses are estimated with a Stückl-derived model. The serial-hybrid case is sized through a mission-based constrained optimization (ALICE), yielding an optimal power split and battery/fuel allocation, followed by post-optimization resizing of thermal-branch-dependent subsystems to preserve model consistency. Results show that the tu-el pc retrofit achieves the largest propulsive-mass reduction versus the mechanical baseline, primarily by removing heavy cross-wing driveline elements and downsizing mechanical transmission stages, at the expense of additional electrical conversion and cooling requirements. The hy-el se architecture, under the adopted near-term battery proxy and catalogue-driven discreteness constraints, provides only a marginal mass benefit and no payload–range advantage. Payload–range analysis in airplane-mode cruise, using the Breguet relation in energy form, indicates tu-el pc is most competitive around the design mission envelope, while the mechanical baseline retains an advantage in maximum ferry-range due to higher cruise propulsive efficiency.
Questa tesi analizza la fattibilità e la convenienza “a livello missione” dell’elettrificazione della catena propulsiva per l’Advanced Tiltrotor Aircraft (ATA) di Leonardo, mediante un confronto coerente e orientato al retrofit di tre architetture: baseline meccanica convenzionale, turbo-elettrica power-controlled (tu-el pc) e ibrida seriale (hy-el se). Viene sviluppata una procedura di pre-dimensionamento unificata per i principali sottosistemi influenzati dall’elettrificazione—riduttori, macchine elettriche, elettronica di potenza, cablaggio HVDC e Thermal Management System (TMS)—mantenendo costanti cellula e geometria del rotore, così da isolare gli effetti architetturali. L’architettura turbo-elettrica è dimensionata in modo deterministico tramite propagazione “backward” della potenza a partire da un punto di sizing in hover; i riduttori sono stimati con correlazioni NDARC/AFDD e verificati con lo strumento proprietario MAGDE. I carichi termici e i consumi ausiliari del raffreddamento sono modellati con un metamodel Chapman per il TMS, mentre massa e perdite del cablaggio HVDC sono ottenute con un modello basato su Stückl. L’architettura ibrida seriale è invece dimensionata tramite ottimizzazione vincolata mission-based (ALICE), che determina power split ottimale e allocazione batteria-carburante; segue un “resizing” post-ottimizzazione dei sottosistemi dipendenti dalla potenza del ramo termico per garantire coerenza dei modelli. I risultati mostrano che il retrofit tu-el pc produce la riduzione più significativa di massa propulsiva rispetto alla baseline meccanica, principalmente grazie alla rimozione della trasmissione meccanica lunga in ala e al ridimensionamento dei gruppi di riduzione, a fronte dell’introduzione di stadi di conversione elettrica e requisiti di raffreddamento. L’hy-el se, con l’attuale “battery proxy” adottato e vincoli di discreteness da componenti a catalogo, fornisce solo un beneficio marginale e non evidenzia vantaggi nel payload–range. L’analisi payload–range in volo airplane-mode, basata sulla relazione di Breguet in forma energetica, indica una maggiore competitività del tu-el pc nell’intorno del requisito di progetto, mentre la baseline meccanica mantiene un vantaggio sul ferry range massimo grazie a una migliore efficienza propulsiva in crociera.
Design, integration, and efficiency enhancement of hybrid-electric powertrains for ATA
Caliri, Riccardo
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the feasibility and mission-level value of propulsion-chain electrification for Leonardo’s Advanced Tiltrotor Aircraft (ATA) through a consistent retrofit-oriented comparison of three architectures: a conventional mechanical drivetrain baseline, a turbo-electric power-controlled (tu-el pc) configuration, and a serial hybrid-electric (hy-el se) configuration. A coherent pre-sizing workflow is developed to size and compare the main propulsion subsystems affected by electrification—gearboxes, electric machines, power electronics, HVDC cabling, and thermal management—while keeping the airframe and rotor definition fixed to isolate architecture effects. The turbo-electric architecture is sized deterministically via backward power propagation from a hover sizing point; gearbox estimates are obtained from NDARC/AFDD correlations and cross-checked using Leonardo’s MAGDE. Thermal loads and auxiliary consumption are accounted for through a Chapman-based TMS surrogate, while HVDC cable mass and losses are estimated with a Stückl-derived model. The serial-hybrid case is sized through a mission-based constrained optimization (ALICE), yielding an optimal power split and battery/fuel allocation, followed by post-optimization resizing of thermal-branch-dependent subsystems to preserve model consistency. Results show that the tu-el pc retrofit achieves the largest propulsive-mass reduction versus the mechanical baseline, primarily by removing heavy cross-wing driveline elements and downsizing mechanical transmission stages, at the expense of additional electrical conversion and cooling requirements. The hy-el se architecture, under the adopted near-term battery proxy and catalogue-driven discreteness constraints, provides only a marginal mass benefit and no payload–range advantage. Payload–range analysis in airplane-mode cruise, using the Breguet relation in energy form, indicates tu-el pc is most competitive around the design mission envelope, while the mechanical baseline retains an advantage in maximum ferry-range due to higher cruise propulsive efficiency.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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ThesisLab2025_3_HYBPRO_thesis_Caliri_Riccardo_227200.pdf
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Descrizione: Master's Thesis
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ThesisLab2025_3_HYBPRO_ES_Caliri_Riccardo_227200.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253340