Concrete is widely used in engineered barrier system (EBS) of near-surface disposal facilities (NSDF) for radioactive waste. The long term safety depends on their ability to limit and retard radionuclide migration from the inside and water ingress from the outside. Nevertheless, accidental scenario and degradation process may occur during operational and post-closure phases leading to alterations of the microstructure and chemical stability of concrete which can facilitate the transport of radioactive contaminants. In this thesis, which is part of the SUDOKU workpackage of the European EURAD-2 project, selected degradation and accidental scenarios have been imposed artificially (in lab scale) on SOGIN engineered barrier formulation to study their influence on diffusion and adsorption of Cs stable, Cl-36 and Tc-99. An experimental methodology combining batch adsorption and radial through-diffusion tests has been developed. The diffusion setup is based on cylindrical concrete specimens with a central through-hole acting as an internal reservoir, enabling diffusion along the radial coordinate from the inner solution toward an external equilibrium solution. Batch adsorption tests were performed on crushed concrete to determine adsorption percentage and distribution factors (Kd). Specimens were tested in pristine condition and after ageing treatments to simulate relevant degradation and accidental scenarios, including sulfuric and nitric acid attack, sodium sulfate exposure, freeze-thaw cycling, and high-temperature exposure. Cs provided the most complete dataset and showed clearly the sensitivity to degradation with relevant differences in adsorption and diffusion behaviours among different degradation methods. Cl-36 an Tc-99 showed lower adsorption percentage compared to Cs and, up to now, very preliminary results on still ongoing diffusion tests. This work demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed experimental methodology highlighting the dependence of radionuclide migration both on degradation and contaminant species involved.
Il calcestruzzo è ampiamente utilizzato nei sistemi di barriere ingegneristiche (EBS) dei depositi superficiali (NSDF) per rifiuti radioattivi. La sicurezza a lungo termine dipende dalla loro capacità di limitare e ritardare la migrazione di radionuclidi dall'interno e l'ingresso di acqua dall'esterno. Tuttavia, durante le fasi operative e post-chiusura possono verificarsi scenari accidentali e processi degradativi che portano ad alterazioni della microstruttura e della stabilità chimica del calcestruzzo, facilitando il trasporto di contaminanti radioattivi. In questa tesi, che si configura nel workpackage SUDOKU del Progetto europeo EURAD-2, sono stati imposti artificialmente (su scala laboratoriale) scenari degradativi e accidentali sulla formulazione delle barriere ingegneristiche di SOGIN per studiarne l’influenza su diffusione e adsorbimento di Cs stabile, Cl-36 e Tc-99. È stata sviluppata una metodologia sperimentale che combina test di adsorbimento in batch e test di diffusione radiale. Il sistema di diffusione si basa su campioni cilindrici di calcestruzzo con un foro passante centrale che funge da serbatoio interno, consentendo la diffusione lungo la coordinata radiale dalla soluzione interna verso una soluzione di equilibrio esterna. Sono state eseguite prove di adsorbimento in batch su calcestruzzo frantumato per determinare la percentuale di adsorbimento e i fattori di distribuzione (Kd). I campioni sono stati testati in condizioni originali e dopo trattamenti di invecchiamento per simulare scenari di degrado e incidenti rilevanti, tra cui attacco con acido solforico e nitrico, esposizione al solfato di sodio, cicli di gelo-disgelo ed esposizione ad alte temperature. Il Cs ha fornito il set di dati più completo e ha mostrato chiaramente la sensibilità alla degradazione con differenze rilevanti nei comportamenti di adsorbimento e diffusione tra i diversi metodi di degrado. Cl-36 e Tc-99 hanno mostrato percentuali di adsorbimento inferiori rispetto al Cs e, ad oggi, risultati molto preliminari su test di diffusione ancora in atto. Questo lavoro dimostra la fattibilità della metodologia sperimentale proposta evidenziando la dipendenza della migrazione di radionuclidi sia dalla degradazione che dalle specie contaminanti coinvolte.
Accelerated physico-chemical ageing of engineered barriers and its effects on radionuclides diffusion
Bucella, Arneb Francesco
2024/2025
Abstract
Concrete is widely used in engineered barrier system (EBS) of near-surface disposal facilities (NSDF) for radioactive waste. The long term safety depends on their ability to limit and retard radionuclide migration from the inside and water ingress from the outside. Nevertheless, accidental scenario and degradation process may occur during operational and post-closure phases leading to alterations of the microstructure and chemical stability of concrete which can facilitate the transport of radioactive contaminants. In this thesis, which is part of the SUDOKU workpackage of the European EURAD-2 project, selected degradation and accidental scenarios have been imposed artificially (in lab scale) on SOGIN engineered barrier formulation to study their influence on diffusion and adsorption of Cs stable, Cl-36 and Tc-99. An experimental methodology combining batch adsorption and radial through-diffusion tests has been developed. The diffusion setup is based on cylindrical concrete specimens with a central through-hole acting as an internal reservoir, enabling diffusion along the radial coordinate from the inner solution toward an external equilibrium solution. Batch adsorption tests were performed on crushed concrete to determine adsorption percentage and distribution factors (Kd). Specimens were tested in pristine condition and after ageing treatments to simulate relevant degradation and accidental scenarios, including sulfuric and nitric acid attack, sodium sulfate exposure, freeze-thaw cycling, and high-temperature exposure. Cs provided the most complete dataset and showed clearly the sensitivity to degradation with relevant differences in adsorption and diffusion behaviours among different degradation methods. Cl-36 an Tc-99 showed lower adsorption percentage compared to Cs and, up to now, very preliminary results on still ongoing diffusion tests. This work demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed experimental methodology highlighting the dependence of radionuclide migration both on degradation and contaminant species involved.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_Tesi_Bucella.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi Magistrale Bucella Arneb Francesco
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2026_Ex_ Summary_Bucella_Arneb.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary Bucella Arneb
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253345