Liquid films play a decisive role in internal combustion engines and exhaust after-treatment systems such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) units. This thesis presents the development and implementation of a fully Lagrangian wall film model within the open-source CFD framework OpenFOAM. In contrast to the conventional lagrangian–eulerian approach available in the standard library, where droplets are tracked in a Lagrangian framework and the wall film is described by eulerian surface fields, the proposed methodology represents the wall film itself as a collection of Lagrangian parcels constrained to move along solid boundaries. Particular attention is devoted to the treatment of momentum exchange at impact, splashing regimes and heat transfer. The model has been designed to reduce computational cost and to be more robust with respect to mesh quality. The implementation adheres to the object-oriented architecture of OpenFOAM, ensuring modularity, extensibility, and seamless integration with existing spray and combustion solvers. Methodological inspiration is drawn from established Lagrangian surface film strategies employed in widely used engine simulation codes such as KIVA and CONVERGE. A verification and validation study have been conducted with respect to an established experimental test. The results demonstrate that the proposed fully Lagrangian wall film model achieves good predictive capability in capturing film formation and transport while delivering measurable gains in computational efficiency compared to the existing lagrangian–eulerian implementation.
I film liquidi svolgono un ruolo determinante nei motori a combustione interna e nei sistemi di post-trattamento dei gas di scarico, quali i catalizzatori SCR. Questa tesi presenta lo sviluppo e l’implementazione di un modello di film liquido a parete completamente lagrangiano all’interno del framework CFD open-source OpenFOAM. A differenza dell’approccio convenzionale lagrangiano–euleriano disponibile nella libreria standard, in cui le gocce sono tracciate in modo lagrangiano mentre il film a parete è descritto in modo euleriano, la metodologia proposta rappresenta il film stesso come un insieme di particelle lagrangiane vincolate a muoversi lungo le superfici solide. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata alla modellazione dello scambio di quantità di moto all’impatto, dei regimi di splash e del trasferimento di calore. Il modello è stato progettato con l’obiettivo di ridurre il costo computazionale e di aumentare la robustezza rispetto alla qualità della mesh. L’implementazione segue l’architettura object-oriented di OpenFOAM, garantendo modularità, estendibilità e integrazione con i solver esistenti per spray e combustione. L’impostazione metodologica trae ispirazione da modelli lagrangiani per film superficiali adottati in programmi ampiamente diffusi quali KIVA e CONVERGE. L'attività di verifica e validazione è stata condotta rispetto ad un noto caso test sperimentale. I risultati dimostrano che il modello di film a parete completamente lagrangiano proposto offre una buona corrispondenza rispetto al dato sperimentale, garantendo al contempo un miglioramento in termini di costo computazionale rispetto all’implementazione Lagrangiano–Euleriana esistente.
Development of a lagrangian wall film approach for the modelling of spray-wall kinematic and thermal interaction
Chiappa, Angelo
2024/2025
Abstract
Liquid films play a decisive role in internal combustion engines and exhaust after-treatment systems such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) units. This thesis presents the development and implementation of a fully Lagrangian wall film model within the open-source CFD framework OpenFOAM. In contrast to the conventional lagrangian–eulerian approach available in the standard library, where droplets are tracked in a Lagrangian framework and the wall film is described by eulerian surface fields, the proposed methodology represents the wall film itself as a collection of Lagrangian parcels constrained to move along solid boundaries. Particular attention is devoted to the treatment of momentum exchange at impact, splashing regimes and heat transfer. The model has been designed to reduce computational cost and to be more robust with respect to mesh quality. The implementation adheres to the object-oriented architecture of OpenFOAM, ensuring modularity, extensibility, and seamless integration with existing spray and combustion solvers. Methodological inspiration is drawn from established Lagrangian surface film strategies employed in widely used engine simulation codes such as KIVA and CONVERGE. A verification and validation study have been conducted with respect to an established experimental test. The results demonstrate that the proposed fully Lagrangian wall film model achieves good predictive capability in capturing film formation and transport while delivering measurable gains in computational efficiency compared to the existing lagrangian–eulerian implementation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Chiappa_Angelo_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2026_03_Chiappa_Angelo_Tesi_.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253353