Nanosatellites face significant challenges in thruster design due to miniaturized scale, particularly in combustion chamber and injector. Key limitations include manufacturability constraints, low thrust-to-mass ratios, non-uniform mixing, severe local thermal loads, and unreliable ignition. Recent advances in green, self-pressurizing propellants such as nitrous oxide paired with hydrocarbons enable non-toxic operation and reduced system mass, while additive manufacturing alleviates fabrication constraints. However, inadequate propellant mixing remains a critical unresolved issue that degrades efficiency and promotes combustion instability. Hence, optimized injector design is essential for uniform mixing and reliable performance. This thesis develops a cold-flow numerical simulation workflow to evaluate the performance of triplet impinging injectors in a 0.5 N nanosatellite thruster. ANSYS Fluent 2025 R2 is used for CFD simulations that couple density-based compressible flow, k–ε turbulence with real-gas properties, and species transport for gas–gas jets. Grid convergence is established at 720000 cells and validated by using a novel mixing index. Parametric analysis systematically examines the effects of injection angle, relative injector spacing, and inlet velocity. The results show that injection angles govern impingement strength, with narrow angles enhancing centerline turbulence but limiting radial coverage, while wider angles extend axial mixing time. Injector spacing creates a trade-off between core blending and peripheral shear. Lastly, inlet velocity effect is also studied and the results are presented. These findings rank key design sensitivities and provide a validated basis for future reactive-flow analysis.
I nanosatelliti affrontano sfide significative nella progettazione dei propulsori a causa delle loro dimensioni miniaturizzate, in particolare nella camera di combustione e negli iniettori. Le limitazioni principali includono vincoli di manifatturabilità, bassi rapporti thrust-to-mass, mixing non uniforme, carichi termici locali severi e inaffidabilità dell'accensione. I recenti avanzamenti nei propellenti verdi auto-pressurizzanti, come N2O abbinato a idrocarburi, consentono funzionamento non tossico e ridotta massa sistemica, mentre la manifattura additiva allevia i vincoli di fabbricazione. Tuttavia, la scarsa uniformità di mixing rimane un problema critico irrisolto che degrada l'efficienza e favorisce l'instabilità della combustione. Pertanto, un design ottimizzato degli iniettori è essenziale per mixing uniforme e prestazioni affidabili. Questa tesi sviluppa un flusso di lavoro numerico per simulazioni cold-flow per valutare iniettori a impatto triplo in un propulsore da 0,5 N per nanosatelliti. Si utilizza ANSYS Fluent 2025 R2 per simulazioni CFD che accoppiano flusso comprimibile density-based, modello turbulentivo k-ε con proprietà real-gas e trasporto di specie per getti gas-gas non reagenti. La convergenza della griglia è stabilita a 720.000 celle, validata con un innovativo indice di mixing. L'analisi parametrica esamina effetti di angolo di iniezione, spaziatura relativa degli iniettori, velocità d’ingresso e portata di massa. I risultati indicano che angoli ristretti intensificano turbolenza assiale ma limitano copertura radiale, mentre angoli ampi prolungano tempi di mixing assiale. La spaziatura crea compromesso tra mixing centrale e taglio periferico. Infine, l'effetto della velocità d'ingresso è studiato con risultati presentati. Questi risultati classificano sensibilità progettuali chiave e forniscono base validata per future analisi reattive.
Mixing performance of a bipropellant gas-gas thruster for Nano-Sats: cold flow numerical simulation of the injector
MOHAMMADI YENGEJE, SABA
2024/2025
Abstract
Nanosatellites face significant challenges in thruster design due to miniaturized scale, particularly in combustion chamber and injector. Key limitations include manufacturability constraints, low thrust-to-mass ratios, non-uniform mixing, severe local thermal loads, and unreliable ignition. Recent advances in green, self-pressurizing propellants such as nitrous oxide paired with hydrocarbons enable non-toxic operation and reduced system mass, while additive manufacturing alleviates fabrication constraints. However, inadequate propellant mixing remains a critical unresolved issue that degrades efficiency and promotes combustion instability. Hence, optimized injector design is essential for uniform mixing and reliable performance. This thesis develops a cold-flow numerical simulation workflow to evaluate the performance of triplet impinging injectors in a 0.5 N nanosatellite thruster. ANSYS Fluent 2025 R2 is used for CFD simulations that couple density-based compressible flow, k–ε turbulence with real-gas properties, and species transport for gas–gas jets. Grid convergence is established at 720000 cells and validated by using a novel mixing index. Parametric analysis systematically examines the effects of injection angle, relative injector spacing, and inlet velocity. The results show that injection angles govern impingement strength, with narrow angles enhancing centerline turbulence but limiting radial coverage, while wider angles extend axial mixing time. Injector spacing creates a trade-off between core blending and peripheral shear. Lastly, inlet velocity effect is also studied and the results are presented. These findings rank key design sensitivities and provide a validated basis for future reactive-flow analysis.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Mohammadi Yengeje.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253368