The transport sector remains one of the most critical areas for achieving the climate neutrality targets set by the European Green Deal, accounting for roughly 25% of total CO2 emissions, predominantly from road transport. Despite the proliferation of sustainability-oriented strategies, the misalignment between infrastructure planning and actual user behaviour has often limited the effectiveness of modal shift policies. This thesis aims to bridge the gap between decision-making theory and operational implementation through the development of an original predictive metamodel, configured as a Decision Support System (DSS) for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of mobility investments. The work begins with a systematic analysis of the state of the art and international benchmarking, from which the empirical evidence necessary for the model’s parametrization was extracted. Implemented in Excel, the metamodel follows an analytical-comparative logic based on a causal chain that transforms financial inputs into physical outputs and subsequently into modal share variations via differentiated elasticity coefficients. The methodological originality lies in integrating the concept of Functional Urban Areas (FUA) proposed by ISTAT, which allows the effectiveness of policies, divided into Push and Pull categories, to be weighted according to territorial context: Metropolitan Area, Urban Area, and Extra-Urban Area. The analysis enabled the simulation of complex scenarios, comparing the marginal efficiency of 22 different policies, including heavy infrastructure projects, access regulations (LEZ/Congestion Charge), and active mobility solutions. Special emphasis was placed on the role of digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence: the metamodel demonstrates how integration under a Mobility as a Service (MaaS) framework and optimization through ITS systems act as efficiency catalysts, drastically reducing the cost required to achieve one percentage point of modal shift, especially in extra-urban contexts where Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT) emerges as the only competitive alternative to private cars. In conclusion, the research provides policymakers with a quantitative tool for rational resource allocation, showing that an effective modal transition cannot ignore a granular territorial perspective and pervasive digitalization of services, capable of overcoming the cognitive and physical barriers that still tie users to private car use.
Il settore dei trasporti si conferma come uno dei comparti più critici per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi di neutralità climatica fissati dal Green Deal europeo, essendo responsabile di circa il 25% delle emissioni totali di CO2, con una predominanza del trasporto su gomma. Nonostante la proliferazione di strategie orientate alla sostenibilità, il disallineamento tra la pianificazione infrastrutturale e le reali dinamiche comportamentali dell’utenza ha spesso limitato l’efficacia delle politiche di modal shift. La presente tesi si propone di colmare il divario tra la teoria decisionale e l'implementazione operativa attraverso lo sviluppo di un metamodello predittivo originale, configurato come un Decision Support System (DSS) per la valutazione della Cost-Effectiveness degli investimenti in mobilità. Il lavoro si articola in una prima fase di analisi sistematica dello stato dell'arte e di benchmarking internazionale, dalla quale sono state estratte le evidenze empiriche necessarie alla parametrizzazione del modello. Il metamodello, implementato in ambiente Excel, adotta una logica analitico-comparativa fondata su una catena di causalità che trasforma l'input finanziario in output fisici e, successivamente, in variazione della quota modale tramite coefficienti di elasticità differenziati. L’originalità metodologica risiede nell'integrazione del concetto di Functional Urban Areas (FUA) proposto dall'ISTAT, che permette di pesare l'efficacia delle politiche (suddivise in categorie Push e Pull) in funzione del contesto territoriale: Area Metropolitana, Area Urbana ed Area Extra-Urbana. L’analisi ha permesso di simulare scenari complessi, confrontando l’efficienza marginale di 23 diverse politiche, tra cui interventi infrastrutturali pesanti, regolamentazioni d’accesso (LEZ/Congestion Charge) e soluzioni di mobilità attiva. Particolare enfasi è stata posta sul ruolo delle nuove tecnologie digitali e dell’Intelligenza Artificiale: il metamodello dimostra come l’integrazione in ottica Mobility as a Service (MaaS) e l'ottimizzazione tramite sistemi ITS agiscano come catalizzatori di efficienza, riducendo drasticamente il costo necessario per ottenere un'unità percentuale di modal shift, specialmente nei contesti extra-urbani dove il trasporto a chiamata (DRT) si rivela l'unica alternativa competitiva al mezzo privato. In conclusione, la ricerca fornisce ai policymakers uno strumento quantitativo per l’allocazione razionale delle risorse, dimostrando che una transizione modale efficace non può prescindere da una visione territoriale granulare e da una digitalizzazione pervasiva dei servizi, capaci di abbattere le barriere cognitive e fisiche che ancora oggi vincolano l’utente all'utilizzo dell’auto privata.
Modal shift in urban areas: state of the art and framework for policies assessment
Redaelli, Emanuele
2024/2025
Abstract
The transport sector remains one of the most critical areas for achieving the climate neutrality targets set by the European Green Deal, accounting for roughly 25% of total CO2 emissions, predominantly from road transport. Despite the proliferation of sustainability-oriented strategies, the misalignment between infrastructure planning and actual user behaviour has often limited the effectiveness of modal shift policies. This thesis aims to bridge the gap between decision-making theory and operational implementation through the development of an original predictive metamodel, configured as a Decision Support System (DSS) for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of mobility investments. The work begins with a systematic analysis of the state of the art and international benchmarking, from which the empirical evidence necessary for the model’s parametrization was extracted. Implemented in Excel, the metamodel follows an analytical-comparative logic based on a causal chain that transforms financial inputs into physical outputs and subsequently into modal share variations via differentiated elasticity coefficients. The methodological originality lies in integrating the concept of Functional Urban Areas (FUA) proposed by ISTAT, which allows the effectiveness of policies, divided into Push and Pull categories, to be weighted according to territorial context: Metropolitan Area, Urban Area, and Extra-Urban Area. The analysis enabled the simulation of complex scenarios, comparing the marginal efficiency of 22 different policies, including heavy infrastructure projects, access regulations (LEZ/Congestion Charge), and active mobility solutions. Special emphasis was placed on the role of digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence: the metamodel demonstrates how integration under a Mobility as a Service (MaaS) framework and optimization through ITS systems act as efficiency catalysts, drastically reducing the cost required to achieve one percentage point of modal shift, especially in extra-urban contexts where Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT) emerges as the only competitive alternative to private cars. In conclusion, the research provides policymakers with a quantitative tool for rational resource allocation, showing that an effective modal transition cannot ignore a granular territorial perspective and pervasive digitalization of services, capable of overcoming the cognitive and physical barriers that still tie users to private car use.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Modal Shift in urban areas: State of the Art and Framework for policies assessment. Redaelli Emanuele
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253393