In recent years, the global transition towards carbon neutrality has driven a massive expansion of renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind power. Within the photovoltaic sector, a highly promising and rapidly growing frontier is represented by agrivoltaics. Unlike traditional ground-mounted solar farms, these infrastructures are significantly elevated to allow agricultural activities underneath. This unique configuration makes them highly vulnerable to extreme transient wind events like downbursts, which are becoming increasingly frequent and severe due to climate change. This thesis investigates the aerodynamic loading of downbursts on environments of increasing complexity using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The research progresses systematically from 2D and 3D validations of a radial impinging jet over open terrain to a full-scale analysis of a staggered urban building array. Finally, a novel multi-scale precursor methodology is developed to simulate the critical interaction between a full-scale downburst jet and high-resolution agrivoltaic solar panels. The numerical results demonstrate that in urban environments, the building canopy induces severe flow channeling, concentrating the maximum wind velocities and structural threats dangerously close to the ground. For the agrivoltaic infrastructures, the horizontal configuration is identified as the safest aerodynamic stow position, whereas negative inclinations induce the absolute maximum structural loads. Furthermore, a staggered multi-panel array exhibits a profound shielding effect, though partially countered by localized flow channeling. A direct quantitative comparison demonstrates that downburst-induced global aerodynamic loads on elevated agrivoltaic panels practically double those recorded under standard Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) winds for traditional systems. These findings highlight the critical inadequacy of current design criteria, delivering a severe engineering warning that emphasizes the absolute necessity of dedicated downburst modeling to ensure the structural survivability and resilience of modern energy infrastructures.
Negli ultimi anni, la transizione globale verso la neutralità carbonica ha guidato una massiccia espansione delle fonti di energia rinnovabile, in particolare l'energia solare ed eolica. All'interno del settore fotovoltaico, una frontiera altamente promettente e in rapida crescita è rappresentata dall'agrivoltaico. A differenza dei tradizionali impianti solari montati a terra, queste infrastrutture sono significativamente elevate per consentire le attività agricole sottostanti. Questa configurazione unica le rende altamente vulnerabili a eventi di vento transitori estremi come i downburst, che stanno diventando sempre più frequenti e severi a causa del cambiamento climatico. Questa tesi indaga i carichi aerodinamici dei downburst su ambienti di complessità crescente utilizzando la Fluidodinamica Computazionale (CFD). La ricerca procede sistematicamente da validazioni 2D e 3D di un getto radiale impattante su terreno pianeggiante fino a un'analisi in scala reale di una disposizione sfalsata di edifici urbani. Infine, viene sviluppata un'innovativa metodologia multi-scala tramite un dominio precursore per simulare l'interazione tra un getto di downburst in scala reale e pannelli solari. I risultati dimostrano che, negli ambienti urbani, la topologia degli edifici induce un severo incanalamento del flusso, concentrando le massime velocità del vento e le minacce strutturali vicino al suolo. Per le infrastrutture agrivoltaiche, la configurazione orizzontale è identificata come la posizione di sicurezza aerodinamica, mentre le inclinazioni negative inducono i carichi strutturali massimi assoluti. Inoltre, una struttura multi-pannello sfalsata mostra un profondo effetto di schermatura, sebbene parzialmente contrastato dall'incanalamento localizzato del flusso. Un confronto quantitativo diretto dimostra che i carichi aerodinamici indotti dai downburst sui pannelli raddoppiano quelli registrati sotto venti dello strato limite planetario (ABL). Queste scoperte evidenziano la critica inadeguatezza degli attuali criteri di progettazione, lanciando un severo monito ingegneristico che sottolinea l'assoluta necessità di una modellazione dedicata dei downburst per garantire la sopravvivenza strutturale e la resilienza delle moderne infrastrutture energetiche.
Numerical investigation of the effects of downburst wind fields
Bonfadini, Matteo
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent years, the global transition towards carbon neutrality has driven a massive expansion of renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind power. Within the photovoltaic sector, a highly promising and rapidly growing frontier is represented by agrivoltaics. Unlike traditional ground-mounted solar farms, these infrastructures are significantly elevated to allow agricultural activities underneath. This unique configuration makes them highly vulnerable to extreme transient wind events like downbursts, which are becoming increasingly frequent and severe due to climate change. This thesis investigates the aerodynamic loading of downbursts on environments of increasing complexity using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The research progresses systematically from 2D and 3D validations of a radial impinging jet over open terrain to a full-scale analysis of a staggered urban building array. Finally, a novel multi-scale precursor methodology is developed to simulate the critical interaction between a full-scale downburst jet and high-resolution agrivoltaic solar panels. The numerical results demonstrate that in urban environments, the building canopy induces severe flow channeling, concentrating the maximum wind velocities and structural threats dangerously close to the ground. For the agrivoltaic infrastructures, the horizontal configuration is identified as the safest aerodynamic stow position, whereas negative inclinations induce the absolute maximum structural loads. Furthermore, a staggered multi-panel array exhibits a profound shielding effect, though partially countered by localized flow channeling. A direct quantitative comparison demonstrates that downburst-induced global aerodynamic loads on elevated agrivoltaic panels practically double those recorded under standard Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) winds for traditional systems. These findings highlight the critical inadequacy of current design criteria, delivering a severe engineering warning that emphasizes the absolute necessity of dedicated downburst modeling to ensure the structural survivability and resilience of modern energy infrastructures.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Bonfadini.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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2026_03_Bonfadini_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253473