Mars is the next frontier of human space exploration, and major agencies have programs to land the first humans on the Red Planet within the next few decades. One of the main challenges associated with such missions is delivering high mass payloads to the Martian surface, as the atmosphere is too thin to provide sufficient aerodynamic deceleration for heavy vehicles, yet dense enough to impose significant aerothermodynamic constraints. This thesis investigates how novel Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) architectures can be modelled and optimized to extend payload capability beyond heritage systems. Three candidate architectures are defined by combining innovative deceleration technologies with flight-proven concepts. Two architectures employ Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators (HIADs) during entry to increase the aerodynamic area and reduce the ballistic coefficient, whereas a third architecture adopts a blunted biconic configuration to increase aerodynamic control over the trajectory. For the supersonic descent phase, alternatives to the Disk-Gap-Band (DGB) parachute are considered, including Supersonic Retropropulsion (SRP) and a Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (SIAD). For the final landing, a sky-crane concept is chosen to mitigate plume–surface interaction effects. To assess these architectures consistently, an integrated preliminary design modelling and optimization framework is developed. Trajectories are optimized phase-by-phase by solving the corresponding optimal control problems. Then, a black-box multiobjective optimizer adjusts the phase interfaces and geometric parameters to retrieve the optimal solutions. Finally, a numerical procedure is developed to merge multiple runs and construct a set of non-dominated solutions, enabling consistent comparison across architectures. The results demonstrate the potential of the novel technologies adopted for a high-mass Mars landing. All proposed architectures exceed the payload capability of the heritage baseline, with the best-performing configuration delivering approximately 18 metric tons, thereby establishing a baseline for subsequent high-fidelity design studies.
Marte rappresenta la prossima frontiera dell’esplorazione spaziale umana, e le principali agenzie spaziali hanno programmi finalizzati a far atterrare i primi esseri umani sul Pianeta Rosso entro i prossimi decenni. Una delle principali sfide associate a tali missioni è il trasporto di carichi massivi sulla superficie marziana, poiché l’atmosfera è troppo rarefatta per fornire una decelerazione aerodinamica sufficiente a veicoli pesanti, ma al tempo stesso abbastanza densa da imporre vincoli aerotermodinamici significativi. Questa tesi analizza come architetture innovative di ingresso, discesa e atterraggio (EDL) possano essere modellate e ottimizzate per estendere la capacità di carico oltre i sistemi tradizionali. Vengono proposte tre architetture combinando tecnologie di decelerazione innovative con concetti già validati in volo. Due architetture utilizzano un deceleratore aerodinamico ipersonico gonfiabile (HIAD) durante la fase di ingresso per aumentare l’area aerodinamica e ridurre il coefficiente balistico, mentre la terza architettura adotta una geometria biconica al fine di incrementare il controllo aerodinamico sulla traiettoria. Per la fase di discesa supersonica, vengono considerate alternative al paracadute Disk-Gap-Band (DGB), tra cui la retropropulsione supersonica (SRP) e un deceleratore aerodinamico supersonico gonfiabile (SIAD). Per l’atterraggio finale, viene adottata una configurazione sky-crane per mitigare gli effetti prodotti dall'interazione tra getto propulsivo e superficie. Per valutare tali architetture in modo coerente, viene sviluppato un framework integrato di modellazione e ottimizzazione per il progetto preliminare. Le traiettorie sono ottimizzate fase per fase risolvendo i corrispondenti problemi di controllo ottimo. Successivamente, un ottimizzatore multiobiettivo "black-box" regola le interfacce tra le fasi e i parametri geometrici al fine di individuare le soluzioni ottimali. Infine, viene sviluppata una procedura numerica per unire più simulazioni e costruire un insieme di soluzioni non dominate, consentendo un confronto coerente tra le diverse architetture. I risultati dimostrano il potenziale delle tecnologie innovative adottate per un atterraggio a masse elevate su Marte. Tutte le architetture proposte superano la capacità di carico delle missioni tradizionali, con la configurazione migliore che consente di far atterrare circa 18 tonnellate, stabilendo così una base per successivi studi progettuali ad alta fedeltà.
Optimal design of high-mass systems for entry descent and landing on Mars
Parazzi, Luca
2024/2025
Abstract
Mars is the next frontier of human space exploration, and major agencies have programs to land the first humans on the Red Planet within the next few decades. One of the main challenges associated with such missions is delivering high mass payloads to the Martian surface, as the atmosphere is too thin to provide sufficient aerodynamic deceleration for heavy vehicles, yet dense enough to impose significant aerothermodynamic constraints. This thesis investigates how novel Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) architectures can be modelled and optimized to extend payload capability beyond heritage systems. Three candidate architectures are defined by combining innovative deceleration technologies with flight-proven concepts. Two architectures employ Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators (HIADs) during entry to increase the aerodynamic area and reduce the ballistic coefficient, whereas a third architecture adopts a blunted biconic configuration to increase aerodynamic control over the trajectory. For the supersonic descent phase, alternatives to the Disk-Gap-Band (DGB) parachute are considered, including Supersonic Retropropulsion (SRP) and a Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (SIAD). For the final landing, a sky-crane concept is chosen to mitigate plume–surface interaction effects. To assess these architectures consistently, an integrated preliminary design modelling and optimization framework is developed. Trajectories are optimized phase-by-phase by solving the corresponding optimal control problems. Then, a black-box multiobjective optimizer adjusts the phase interfaces and geometric parameters to retrieve the optimal solutions. Finally, a numerical procedure is developed to merge multiple runs and construct a set of non-dominated solutions, enabling consistent comparison across architectures. The results demonstrate the potential of the novel technologies adopted for a high-mass Mars landing. All proposed architectures exceed the payload capability of the heritage baseline, with the best-performing configuration delivering approximately 18 metric tons, thereby establishing a baseline for subsequent high-fidelity design studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Parazzi_Thesis.pdf
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2026_03_Parazzi_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253497