Magnesium alloys are increasingly regarded as a key class of lightweight structural materials for future engineering applications. In particular, the AZ31 alloy has attracted strong interest in aerospace and automotive components, as well as in the field of biodegradable (resorbable) biomedical implants. Despite their low density, good machinability, and adequate mechanical strength, the broader use of magnesium alloys is still limited by their very poor corrosion resistance. This is mainly due to the formation of a naturally grown surface oxide/hydroxide film that is thin, porous, and weakly adherent, and therefore unable to act as an effective barrier in aggressive environments. A widely adopted strategy to enhance the surface performance of magnesium alloys is plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), a surface treatment derived from plasma electrolytic deposition (PED) techniques. PEO consists of a high-voltage anodic oxidation process performed in an aqueous electrolyte containing dissolved salts. Under sufficiently high electric fields, micro-discharges (plasma events) occur on the surface, locally melting and rapidly solidifying the oxide, thereby producing a thicker ceramic-like coating compared to conventional anodizing. The characteristics of these plasma discharges are governed by the process parameters (electrical regime, voltage/current history, duty cycle, electrolyte composition, temperature), which in turn determine coating morphology, thickness, and adhesion to the metallic substrate. In this work, the electrical process was optimized by initially testing three different electrolyte solutions and several electrical histories commonly used for aluminum alloys. Because magnesium is significantly more reactive under PEO conditions, the preliminary electrolyte characterization led to the selection of a single bath composition, which was then used as the baseline to develop and optimize the electrical history of the PEO process. The combined effect of electrolyte chemistry and electrical history was assessed through visual inspection, analysis of voltage–current profile (V/I vs t), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimization targeted short treatment durations (on the order of a few minutes), consistent with industrial scalability, while still reaching sufficiently high voltages to promote the formation of a coating morphology compatible with good protective performance. After defining the PEO process window, a second procedural stage focused on post-treatments aimed at sealing the coating porosity. Four different alkaline sealing solutions, operated at different temperatures, were investigated either to induce the growth of crystalline sealing products within the pores or to deposit an additional covering layer. Finally, corrosion resistance of the PEO-coated and sealed specimens was evaluated by electrochemical methods, specifically potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), supported by equivalent circuit modelling. The results obtained highlight that both the PEO process and the sealing treatments allow to improve the corrosion resistance of the treated alloy. The best overall results were obtained for PEO coatings subjected to a cerium-containing sealing solution, with the additional benefit of operating at relatively low temperature.
Le leghe di magnesio vengono considerate il futuro delle applicazioni ingegneristiche. In particolare, la lega AZ31 trova elevato interesse nei settori aerospaziale, automobilistico e impianti biomedicali riassorbibili. L’aspetto che limita l’utilizzo di questa lega ad elevata leggerezza, ottima lavorabilità e buona resistenza meccanica è la bassissima resistenza a corrosione dovuta alla formazione naturale di ossido non protettivo. Un metodo per migliorare le prestazioni della lega è l’ossidazione elettrolitica al plasma (PEO), derivante da tecniche PED (deposizione elettrolitica al plasma); si basa su un’ossidazione anodica a tensione elevata all’interno di un ambiente acquoso ricco di ioni di sali. Le scariche al plasma sono controllate dai parametri procedurali che determinano di conseguenza la morfologia dell’ossido, lo spessore e il livello di adesione al substrato metallico. Il processo elettrico è stato ottimizzato partendo da tre soluzioni differenti e con diverse storie elettriche solitamente applicate su leghe di alluminio. Poiché il magnesio è molto più reattivo dell’alluminio durante i processi PEO, la caratterizzazione della soluzione elettrolitica ha portato a considerarne solo una tipologia mentre le altre sono state escluse perché troppo aggressive. La storia elettrica del processo PEO è stata sviluppata considerando la soluzione selezionata. L’effetto combinato di storia elettrica e soluzioni elettrolitiche è stato valutato tramite osservazione visiva, andamento del profilo di tensione e di corrente (V/I vs t), analisi al microscopio a scansione elettronica (SEM), test di diffrazione ai raggi X (XRD). L’ottica di ottimizzazione del processo PEO aveva come obiettivo quello di sviluppare una storia elettrica di pochi minuti, per un futuro passaggio a trattamenti industriali, che consentisse il raggiungimento di valori di voltaggio sufficientemente elevati per assicurare uno spessore ed una struttura e morfologia dell’ossido adeguati. Un successivo passaggio procedurale si basa sull’utilizzo di quattro diverse soluzioni alcaline a diversa temperatura per la chiusura superficiale dei pori tramite creazione di strutture cristalline o per il deposito di uno strato coprente. La caratterizzazione dei provini dopo il trattamento PEO e/o dopo le procedure di chiusura dei pori è stata eseguita tramite prove elettrochimiche per la valutazione della resistenza a corrosione. I test svolti sono stati curve di polarizzazione potenziodinamiche (PDP) e test di impedenza spettroscopica (EIS) con creazione successiva di circuiti equivalenti. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano che sia il processo PEO che i trattamenti di sealing consentono di migliorare la resistenza a corrosione della lega trattata. I risultati migliori sono stati ottenuti dai campioni PEO sottoposti ad un trattamento di sealing svolto in una soluzione contente Cerio ed eseguendo un processo a bassa temperatura.
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on magnesium: industrial process optimisation and enhancing sealing procedures
Sala, Riccardo
2024/2025
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are increasingly regarded as a key class of lightweight structural materials for future engineering applications. In particular, the AZ31 alloy has attracted strong interest in aerospace and automotive components, as well as in the field of biodegradable (resorbable) biomedical implants. Despite their low density, good machinability, and adequate mechanical strength, the broader use of magnesium alloys is still limited by their very poor corrosion resistance. This is mainly due to the formation of a naturally grown surface oxide/hydroxide film that is thin, porous, and weakly adherent, and therefore unable to act as an effective barrier in aggressive environments. A widely adopted strategy to enhance the surface performance of magnesium alloys is plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), a surface treatment derived from plasma electrolytic deposition (PED) techniques. PEO consists of a high-voltage anodic oxidation process performed in an aqueous electrolyte containing dissolved salts. Under sufficiently high electric fields, micro-discharges (plasma events) occur on the surface, locally melting and rapidly solidifying the oxide, thereby producing a thicker ceramic-like coating compared to conventional anodizing. The characteristics of these plasma discharges are governed by the process parameters (electrical regime, voltage/current history, duty cycle, electrolyte composition, temperature), which in turn determine coating morphology, thickness, and adhesion to the metallic substrate. In this work, the electrical process was optimized by initially testing three different electrolyte solutions and several electrical histories commonly used for aluminum alloys. Because magnesium is significantly more reactive under PEO conditions, the preliminary electrolyte characterization led to the selection of a single bath composition, which was then used as the baseline to develop and optimize the electrical history of the PEO process. The combined effect of electrolyte chemistry and electrical history was assessed through visual inspection, analysis of voltage–current profile (V/I vs t), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimization targeted short treatment durations (on the order of a few minutes), consistent with industrial scalability, while still reaching sufficiently high voltages to promote the formation of a coating morphology compatible with good protective performance. After defining the PEO process window, a second procedural stage focused on post-treatments aimed at sealing the coating porosity. Four different alkaline sealing solutions, operated at different temperatures, were investigated either to induce the growth of crystalline sealing products within the pores or to deposit an additional covering layer. Finally, corrosion resistance of the PEO-coated and sealed specimens was evaluated by electrochemical methods, specifically potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), supported by equivalent circuit modelling. The results obtained highlight that both the PEO process and the sealing treatments allow to improve the corrosion resistance of the treated alloy. The best overall results were obtained for PEO coatings subjected to a cerium-containing sealing solution, with the additional benefit of operating at relatively low temperature.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253542