This thesis investigates how the intensity of impact integration influences the financial positioning of private equity and venture capital impact funds. Moving beyond the traditional impact–return debate centered on realized performance, the study adopts a forward-looking perspective and examines expected excess returns, defined as CAPM-adjusted target returns declared by funds in the year they begin operations. The analysis addresses two key gaps in the literature. First, impact investing is often treated as a homogeneous category, with limited attention to heterogeneity within impact funds. Second, existing empirical research predominantly focuses on ex-post performance rather than ex-ante financial positioning. To overcome these limitations, the study adopts an intra-impact framework and links structural and contractual forms of impact integration to expected excess returns. Using data from the Impact Fund Database (IFD), the empirical strategy constructs an expected excess return measure by subtracting the CAPM-implied required return from each fund’s declared target IRR. Impact intensity is operationalized along two dimensions: (i) multidimensional impact integration, measured through a structured index capturing the breadth of impact dimensions embedded in the investment process; and (ii) impact-linked compensation, identifying dual-hurdle incentive structures based on fund disclosures. The results indicate that stronger impact formalization, both operational and contractual, is associated with lower expected excess returns. These findings suggest that impact-related constraints are incorporated into ex-ante target setting and are reflected in how funds position their target returns relative to CAPM-implied expected returns. The study contributes to the literature by reframing the financial-impact debate around pricing expectations and by demonstrating that impact intensity consistently shapes ex-ante financial positioning in private equity and venture capital impact funds.
Questa tesi analizza come l’intensità dell’integrazione dell’impatto influenzi il posizionamento finanziario dei fondi di private equity e venture capital a impatto. Superando il tradizionale dibattito impatto-rendimento, generalmente centrato sulle performance realizzate ex post, lo studio adotta una prospettiva forward-looking e si concentra sugli extra-rendimenti attesi, definiti come la differenza tra l’IRR obiettivo dichiarato dal fondo e il rendimento atteso implicito nel CAPM. L’analisi affronta due principali lacune della letteratura. In primo luogo, l’impact investing è spesso trattato come una categoria omogenea, con limitata attenzione all’eterogeneità tra fondi a impatto. In secondo luogo, la ricerca empirica si concentra prevalentemente sulle performance ex post, trascurando il posizionamento finanziario ex ante. Per superare tali limiti, lo studio adotta un approccio intra-impact e collega le forme strutturali e contrattuali di integrazione dell’impatto agli extra-rendimenti attesi. Utilizzando i dati dell’Impact Fund Database (IFD), la strategia empirica costruisce una misura di extra-rendimento atteso sottraendo al target IRR dichiarato da ciascun fondo il rendimento richiesto implicito nel CAPM. L’intensità dell’impatto è operazionalizzata lungo due dimensioni: (i) l’integrazione multidimensionale dell’impatto, misurata tramite un indice strutturato che cattura l’ampiezza delle dimensioni di impatto incorporate nel processo di investimento; e (ii) la presenza di meccanismi di remunerazione legati all’impatto, identificati attraverso strutture di incentivo a doppia soglia (dual-hurdle) desumibili dalla documentazione dei fondi. I risultati mostrano che una maggiore formalizzazione dell’impatto, sia a livello operativo sia contrattuale, è associata a extra-rendimenti attesi più contenuti. Ciò suggerisce che i vincoli legati all’impatto vengano incorporati già nella definizione ex ante dei target finanziari e si riflettano nel modo in cui i fondi posizionano i propri obiettivi di rendimento rispetto ai rendimenti attesi impliciti nel CAPM. Il contributo dello studio consiste nel riformulare il dibattito tra impatto e rendimento in termini di aspettative di rendimento e nel dimostrare che l’intensità dell’impatto incide in modo sistematico sul posizionamento finanziario ex ante dei fondi di private equity e venture capital a impatto.
Impact integration and dual objectives : financial positioning relative to asset pricing benchmarks in private equity and venture capital impact funds
BATTISTINI, CAMILLA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates how the intensity of impact integration influences the financial positioning of private equity and venture capital impact funds. Moving beyond the traditional impact–return debate centered on realized performance, the study adopts a forward-looking perspective and examines expected excess returns, defined as CAPM-adjusted target returns declared by funds in the year they begin operations. The analysis addresses two key gaps in the literature. First, impact investing is often treated as a homogeneous category, with limited attention to heterogeneity within impact funds. Second, existing empirical research predominantly focuses on ex-post performance rather than ex-ante financial positioning. To overcome these limitations, the study adopts an intra-impact framework and links structural and contractual forms of impact integration to expected excess returns. Using data from the Impact Fund Database (IFD), the empirical strategy constructs an expected excess return measure by subtracting the CAPM-implied required return from each fund’s declared target IRR. Impact intensity is operationalized along two dimensions: (i) multidimensional impact integration, measured through a structured index capturing the breadth of impact dimensions embedded in the investment process; and (ii) impact-linked compensation, identifying dual-hurdle incentive structures based on fund disclosures. The results indicate that stronger impact formalization, both operational and contractual, is associated with lower expected excess returns. These findings suggest that impact-related constraints are incorporated into ex-ante target setting and are reflected in how funds position their target returns relative to CAPM-implied expected returns. The study contributes to the literature by reframing the financial-impact debate around pricing expectations and by demonstrating that impact intensity consistently shapes ex-ante financial positioning in private equity and venture capital impact funds.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Battistini_Tesi.pdf
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2026_03_Battistini_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253622