The discovery of messenger RNA (mRNA) has revolutionized therapeutic development by enabling direct control over endogenous protein production. However, despite advantages in cost-efficiency and dose minimization, clinical applications remain largely confined to vaccines. This limitation is primarily driven by a scarcity of validated molecular targets and the inefficient secretion of many therapeutic proteins. This thesis aims to address these two challenges by developing high-throughput screening (HTS) techniques for mRNA-compatible therapeutics, and evaluate signal peptides (SPs) for protein production and secretion. To address the first challenge, a solid-phase screening workflow was developed to assess functional activity. Testing of this assay involved traditional cell lines transfected to express receptors, as well as more accurate and complex cell lines that required differentiation. Multiple commercial validation approaches were evaluated in the three cell lines for compatibility, and finally the developed platform was successfully applied to the direct functional testing of mRNA-compatible therapeutics. In parallel, SPs were systematically combined with selected therapeutic proteins (exenatide, leptin, irisin, and trastuzumab) and expressed in multiple cell lines. Secretion efficiency was quantified by ELISA through comparison of extracellular and intracellular protein fractions. For certain therapeutic proteins, engineered SP–cargo constructs consistently outperformed wild-type sequences, reaching up to an 82-fold increase in secreted protein levels with secretion efficiencies exceeding 95%. Together, these results establish an integrated strategy that couples high-throughput peptide discovery with systematic secretion enhancement, enabling identified peptides to be subsequently engineered for optimized secretion in mRNA therapeutic applications.
La scoperta dell’RNA messaggero (mRNA) ha rivoluzionato lo sviluppo terapeutico consentendo il controllo diretto della produzione endogena di proteine. Tuttavia, nonostante i vantaggi in termini di efficienza dei costi e minimizzazione della dose, le applicazioni cliniche rimangono in gran parte limitate ai vaccini. Questa limitazione è principalmente determinata dalla scarsità di target molecolari validati e dalla secrezione inefficiente di molte proteine terapeutiche. Questa tesi si propone di affrontare queste due sfide sviluppando tecniche di high-throughput screening (HTS) per candidati terapeutici compatibili con mRNA e valutando peptidi segnale (SP) per la produzione e la secrezione proteica. Per affrontare la prima sfida, è stato sviluppato un workflow di screening in fase solida per valutare l’attività funzionale. La validazione del saggio ha coinvolto sia linee cellulari tradizionali trasfettate per esprimere i recettori, sia modelli cellulari più complessi e fisiologicamente rilevanti che richiedevano differenziamento. Sono stati valutati molteplici approcci commerciali di validazione nelle tre linee cellulari per verificarne la compatibilità e, infine, la piattaforma sviluppata è stata applicata con successo al test funzionale diretto di candidati terapeutici compatibili con mRNA. In parallelo, diversi SP sono stati sistematicamente combinati con proteine terapeutiche selezionate (exenatide, leptina, irisina e trastuzumab) ed espressi in multiple linee cellulari. L’efficienza di secrezione è stata quantificata mediante ELISA attraverso il confronto tra le frazioni proteiche extracellulari e intracellulari. Per alcune proteine terapeutiche, i costrutti SP–cargo ingegnerizzati hanno costantemente superato le sequenze wild-type, raggiungendo fino a un incremento di 82 volte nei livelli di proteina secreta con efficienze di secrezione superiori al 95%. Nel complesso, questi risultati stabiliscono una strategia integrata che accoppia la scoperta di peptidi mediante high-throughput screening con il miglioramento sistematico della secrezione, consentendo ai peptidi identificati di essere successivamente ingegnerizzati per una secrezione ottimizzata nelle applicazioni terapeutiche basate su mRNA.
Engineering next-generation mRNA therapeutics: high-throughput screening platforms and signal peptide-driven secretion optimization
Losa, Beatrice;ZECCHINI, MARTA
2024/2025
Abstract
The discovery of messenger RNA (mRNA) has revolutionized therapeutic development by enabling direct control over endogenous protein production. However, despite advantages in cost-efficiency and dose minimization, clinical applications remain largely confined to vaccines. This limitation is primarily driven by a scarcity of validated molecular targets and the inefficient secretion of many therapeutic proteins. This thesis aims to address these two challenges by developing high-throughput screening (HTS) techniques for mRNA-compatible therapeutics, and evaluate signal peptides (SPs) for protein production and secretion. To address the first challenge, a solid-phase screening workflow was developed to assess functional activity. Testing of this assay involved traditional cell lines transfected to express receptors, as well as more accurate and complex cell lines that required differentiation. Multiple commercial validation approaches were evaluated in the three cell lines for compatibility, and finally the developed platform was successfully applied to the direct functional testing of mRNA-compatible therapeutics. In parallel, SPs were systematically combined with selected therapeutic proteins (exenatide, leptin, irisin, and trastuzumab) and expressed in multiple cell lines. Secretion efficiency was quantified by ELISA through comparison of extracellular and intracellular protein fractions. For certain therapeutic proteins, engineered SP–cargo constructs consistently outperformed wild-type sequences, reaching up to an 82-fold increase in secreted protein levels with secretion efficiencies exceeding 95%. Together, these results establish an integrated strategy that couples high-throughput peptide discovery with systematic secretion enhancement, enabling identified peptides to be subsequently engineered for optimized secretion in mRNA therapeutic applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Losa_Zecchini_Executive Summary.pdf
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2026_03_Losa_Zecchini_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253712