Power systems are moving from synchronous machines to inverter-based generation. This means that modern grids are characterized by lower inertia and lower short circuit strength, so grid behaviour is influenced more by control choices than by the electromechanical response of generators. The Spanish blackout is used as an example to show that, even with advanced monitoring and protection, large disturbances can still develop when the system is operating close to its limits. This thesis describes how grid-connected converters interact with the network and why the chosen control approach matters. Grid-following control is presented as the most common solution today and is described through its main blocks (PLL, reference generation, and inner control loops), with a focus on weak grids and fault conditions. Grid-forming control is then discussed as an alternative that can establish voltage and frequency locally, but it is constrained by current limits and requires careful tuning and protection coordination. Finally, hybrid and reconfigurable strategies are introduced as a way to combine both behaviours and manage transitions without a hard switch between separate controllers.
I sistemi elettrici stanno attraversando una transizione, passando da una generazione basata su macchine sincrone a una generazione basata su inverter. Questo comporta che la rete moderna presenti minore inerzia e minore forza di cortocircuito; di conseguenza, il suo comportamento è influenzato più dalle scelte di controllo degli inverter che dalle proprietà elettromeccaniche dei generatori. Il blackout spagnolo è citato come esempio per mostrare che, anche con sistemi avanzati di monitoraggio e protezione, possono comunque verificarsi grandi perturbazioni quando il sistema opera vicino ai propri limiti. Questa tesi descrive come gli inverter connessi alla rete si interfacciano con essa e perché la scelta della strategia di controllo è fondamentale. Il controllo grid-following è presentato come l’approccio oggi più diffuso ed è descritto attraverso i suoi blocchi principali (PLL, generazione dei riferimenti e anelli interni di controllo), con particolare attenzione al comportamento in reti deboli e durante i guasti. Successivamente viene introdotto il controllo grid-forming, un’alternativa capace di stabilire localmente tensione e frequenza, ma vincolata dai limiti di corrente e dalla necessità di un’adeguata taratura e di un coordinamento con le protezioni. Infine, vengono presentate strategie ibride e riconfigurabili, con l’obiettivo di combinare i due comportamenti e gestire la transizione senza una commutazione netta tra controllori separati.
Strategies for grid-connected inverters
Perini, Marco
2024/2025
Abstract
Power systems are moving from synchronous machines to inverter-based generation. This means that modern grids are characterized by lower inertia and lower short circuit strength, so grid behaviour is influenced more by control choices than by the electromechanical response of generators. The Spanish blackout is used as an example to show that, even with advanced monitoring and protection, large disturbances can still develop when the system is operating close to its limits. This thesis describes how grid-connected converters interact with the network and why the chosen control approach matters. Grid-following control is presented as the most common solution today and is described through its main blocks (PLL, reference generation, and inner control loops), with a focus on weak grids and fault conditions. Grid-forming control is then discussed as an alternative that can establish voltage and frequency locally, but it is constrained by current limits and requires careful tuning and protection coordination. Finally, hybrid and reconfigurable strategies are introduced as a way to combine both behaviours and manage transitions without a hard switch between separate controllers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Perini.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253757