This research investigates the structural and electronic properties of pristine and manganese-implanted graphene grown epitaxially on a carbon-terminated Silicon Carbide (SiC) substrate. The study builds upon previous experiments conducted on graphene grown on copper, where the electronic properties could not be properly analysed because the copper surface state dominated the spectra and masked the graphene signal. Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS), this work examines how graphene’s properties are intrinsically linked to its atomic structure and influenced by the SiC substrate. Graphene is produced via thermal decomposition of the carbon-terminated face of the substrate, promoting a turbostratic growth mechanism. This results in rotationally misaligned multilayer graphene, with grains misoriented both within the plane and between adjacent layers. STM characterization reveals the presence of Moiré superstructures on the surface, arising from interlayer rotational misalignment. STS measurements confirm the characteristic electronic behaviour of graphene, showing a local density of states consistent with the typical Dirac-cone shape. The study then explores the possibility of inducing magnetization in graphene on SiC through ultra-low-energy manganese ion implantation, a technique previously identified as suitable for surface modification of two-dimensional materials. Manganese is considered an appropriate candidate for inducing ferromagnetic behaviour due to its spin asymmetry and high magnetic moment. Post-implantation STM and STS characterization reveals a high density of implantation-induced defects, leaving only limited defect-free regions available for analysis. The defects appear in STM images as triangular-shaped features distributed across the surface. STS measurements indicate signatures consistent with single vacancies. However, the presence of manganese—and thus the effectiveness of the implantation—requires further investigation and confirmation through additional STS measurements combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations.
Questa ricerca indaga le proprietà strutturali ed elettroniche del grafene pristino e impiantato con manganese cresciuto epitassialmente su un substrato di carburo di silicio (SiC) terminato al carbonio. Lo studio si basa su precedenti esperimenti condotti su grafene cresciuto su rame, nei quali le proprietà elettroniche non hanno potuto essere analizzate correttamente poiché lo stato superficiale del rame dominava gli spettri mascherando il segnale del grafene. Utilizzando la Microscopia a Effetto Tunnel (STM) e la Spettroscopia a Effetto Tunnel (STS), il lavoro esamina come le proprietà del grafene siano intrinsecamente legate alla sua struttura atomica e influenzate dal substrato di SiC. Il grafene viene ottenuto tramite decomposizione termica della faccia terminata al carbonio del substrato, promuovendo un meccanismo di crescita turbo-stratica. Questo processo porta alla formazione di grafene multistrato con disallineamento rotazionale, con grani orientati diversamente sia nel piano sia tra strati adiacenti. La caratterizzazione tramite STM rivela la presenza di superstrutture di Moiré sulla superficie, originate dal disallineamento rotazionale tra gli strati. Le misure STS confermano il comportamento elettronico caratteristico del grafene, mostrando una densità locale degli stati (LDOS) coerente con la tipica forma a cono di Dirac. Lo studio esplora successivamente la possibilità di indurre magnetizzazione nel grafene su SiC mediante impianto ionico di manganese a ultra-bassa energia, una tecnica precedentemente identificata come idonea per la modifica superficiale dei materiali bidimensionali. Il manganese è considerato un candidato appropriato per indurre comportamento ferromagnetico grazie alla sua asimmetria di spin e al suo elevato momento magnetico. La caratterizzazione post-impianto mediante STM e STS evidenzia un’elevata densità di difetti introdotti dall’impiantazione, lasciando solo limitate regioni prive di difetti disponibili per l’analisi. I difetti appaiono nelle immagini STM come strutture di forma triangolare distribuite sulla superficie. Le misure STS mostrano segnali compatibili con la presenza di vacanze singole. Tuttavia, la presenza effettiva del manganese — e quindi l’efficacia dell’impiantazione — richiede ulteriori indagini e conferme attraverso misure STS aggiuntive combinate con simulazioni basate sulla teoria del funzionale della densità (DFT).
Structural and electronic properties of pristine and implanted graphene on silicon carbide substrate, probed by scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy
Verona, Vittoria
2025/2026
Abstract
This research investigates the structural and electronic properties of pristine and manganese-implanted graphene grown epitaxially on a carbon-terminated Silicon Carbide (SiC) substrate. The study builds upon previous experiments conducted on graphene grown on copper, where the electronic properties could not be properly analysed because the copper surface state dominated the spectra and masked the graphene signal. Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS), this work examines how graphene’s properties are intrinsically linked to its atomic structure and influenced by the SiC substrate. Graphene is produced via thermal decomposition of the carbon-terminated face of the substrate, promoting a turbostratic growth mechanism. This results in rotationally misaligned multilayer graphene, with grains misoriented both within the plane and between adjacent layers. STM characterization reveals the presence of Moiré superstructures on the surface, arising from interlayer rotational misalignment. STS measurements confirm the characteristic electronic behaviour of graphene, showing a local density of states consistent with the typical Dirac-cone shape. The study then explores the possibility of inducing magnetization in graphene on SiC through ultra-low-energy manganese ion implantation, a technique previously identified as suitable for surface modification of two-dimensional materials. Manganese is considered an appropriate candidate for inducing ferromagnetic behaviour due to its spin asymmetry and high magnetic moment. Post-implantation STM and STS characterization reveals a high density of implantation-induced defects, leaving only limited defect-free regions available for analysis. The defects appear in STM images as triangular-shaped features distributed across the surface. STS measurements indicate signatures consistent with single vacancies. However, the presence of manganese—and thus the effectiveness of the implantation—requires further investigation and confirmation through additional STS measurements combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Verona_executivesummary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253769