Due to notable advantages such as reduced environmental impact, improved access to restricted traffic zones, and time savings related to parking, electric cargo bikes (ECBs) are increasingly regarded as a promising alternative to conventional delivery fleets in various real-world courier applications. At the same time, both academia and industry have shown growing interest in the use of ECBs within the logistics sector. Despite widespread recognition of the potential benefits of ECBs, many logistics service providers (LSPs) remain sceptical about their effectiveness and competitiveness in urban freight operations. This scepticism largely stems from limited familiarity with ECB applications and a lack of reliable data on the potential operational challenges they present, as well as the strategies available to mitigate these challenges during integration into existing delivery systems. This work aims to address this scepticism by investigating the factors influencing the adoption of operational risk mitigation strategies for ECBs in last-mile delivery. This work is driven by two main phases. First, operational uncertainties and contributing factors were identified and classified. In particular, a total of 28 influencing factors were identified and organized into seven categories: seven related to vehicle attributes, three to payload characteristics, two to labour experience, nine to weather and terrain conditions, two to regulations and incentives, two to traffic conditions, and three to infrastructure conditions. The first phase laid the foundation for the second phase, which focused on identifying suitable mitigation strategies for the uncertainties revealed earlier and exploring the factors influencing their implementation. In this regard, factors influencing participative behaviour were investigated to address labour-related uncertainties in the adoption of the crowdshipping (CS) concept, while factors affecting the feasibility of rapid energy replenishment solutions were examined to mitigate cost-related uncertainties. On the one hand, the analysis of factors contributing to operational risks, along with the integration of new concepts into the use of ECBs, contributes new knowledge to previously underexplored areas of research. On the other hand, this study offers logistics service providers and policymakers valuable insights into the uncertainties surrounding ECB adoption, the underlying causes of these uncertainties, and the factors influencing the implementation of corresponding mitigation strategies. These findings help address existing scepticism and support the wider adoption of ECBs in last-mile delivery.
A causa di vantaggi significativi quali la riduzione dell’impatto ambientale, il miglioramento dell’accesso alle zone a traffico limitato e il risparmio di tempo legato al parcheggio, le biciclette cargo elettriche (ECB) sono sempre più considerate un’alternativa promettente alle flotte di consegna convenzionali in diverse applicazioni reali di corrieri. Allo stesso tempo, sia il mondo accademico sia l’industria hanno mostrato un crescente interesse per l’utilizzo delle ECB nel settore della logistica. Nonostante il diffuso riconoscimento dei potenziali benefici delle ECB, molti fornitori di servizi logistici (LSP) rimangono scettici riguardo alla loro efficacia e competitività nelle operazioni di trasporto merci urbano. Tale scetticismo deriva in larga misura dalla limitata familiarità con le applicazioni delle ECB e dalla mancanza di dati affidabili sulle potenziali sfide operative che esse comportano, nonché sulle strategie disponibili per mitigare tali criticità durante l’integrazione nei sistemi di consegna esistenti. Questo lavoro mira ad affrontare tale scetticismo analizzando i fattori che influenzano l’adozione di strategie di mitigazione del rischio operativo per le ECB nella distribuzione dell’ultimo miglio. Lo studio si articola in due fasi principali. Nella prima fase sono state identificate e classificate le incertezze operative e i fattori che vi contribuiscono. In particolare, sono stati individuati complessivamente 28 fattori di influenza, organizzati in sette categorie: sette relativi alle caratteristiche del veicolo, tre alle caratteristiche del carico, due all’esperienza lavorativa, nove alle condizioni meteorologiche e del terreno, due a normative e incentivi, due alle condizioni del traffico e tre alle condizioni infrastrutturali. La prima fase ha posto le basi per la seconda, incentrata sull’individuazione di strategie di mitigazione adeguate per le incertezze precedentemente emerse e sull’analisi dei fattori che ne influenzano l’implementazione. In particolare, sono stati esaminati i fattori che influenzano il comportamento partecipativo per affrontare le incertezze legate al lavoro nell’adozione del concetto di crowdshipping (CS), mentre i fattori che incidono sulla fattibilità di soluzioni di rifornimento energetico rapido sono stati analizzati per mitigare le incertezze legate ai costi. Da un lato, l’analisi dei fattori che contribuiscono ai rischi operativi, insieme all’integrazione di nuovi concetti nell’utilizzo delle ECB, apporta nuove conoscenze a settori di ricerca finora poco esplorati. Dall’altro lato, questo studio offre ai fornitori di servizi logistici e ai decisori politici preziose indicazioni sulle incertezze che circondano l’adozione delle ECB, sulle cause alla base di tali incertezze e sui fattori che influenzano l’attuazione delle corrispondenti strategie di mitigazione. Questi risultati contribuiscono a superare lo scetticismo esistente e a sostenere una più ampia adozione delle ECB nella distribuzione dell’ultimo miglio.
Electric cargo bikes for last-mile delivery: investigating factors influencing the adoption of operational risk mitigation strategies
DOU, CHANG
2025/2026
Abstract
Due to notable advantages such as reduced environmental impact, improved access to restricted traffic zones, and time savings related to parking, electric cargo bikes (ECBs) are increasingly regarded as a promising alternative to conventional delivery fleets in various real-world courier applications. At the same time, both academia and industry have shown growing interest in the use of ECBs within the logistics sector. Despite widespread recognition of the potential benefits of ECBs, many logistics service providers (LSPs) remain sceptical about their effectiveness and competitiveness in urban freight operations. This scepticism largely stems from limited familiarity with ECB applications and a lack of reliable data on the potential operational challenges they present, as well as the strategies available to mitigate these challenges during integration into existing delivery systems. This work aims to address this scepticism by investigating the factors influencing the adoption of operational risk mitigation strategies for ECBs in last-mile delivery. This work is driven by two main phases. First, operational uncertainties and contributing factors were identified and classified. In particular, a total of 28 influencing factors were identified and organized into seven categories: seven related to vehicle attributes, three to payload characteristics, two to labour experience, nine to weather and terrain conditions, two to regulations and incentives, two to traffic conditions, and three to infrastructure conditions. The first phase laid the foundation for the second phase, which focused on identifying suitable mitigation strategies for the uncertainties revealed earlier and exploring the factors influencing their implementation. In this regard, factors influencing participative behaviour were investigated to address labour-related uncertainties in the adoption of the crowdshipping (CS) concept, while factors affecting the feasibility of rapid energy replenishment solutions were examined to mitigate cost-related uncertainties. On the one hand, the analysis of factors contributing to operational risks, along with the integration of new concepts into the use of ECBs, contributes new knowledge to previously underexplored areas of research. On the other hand, this study offers logistics service providers and policymakers valuable insights into the uncertainties surrounding ECB adoption, the underlying causes of these uncertainties, and the factors influencing the implementation of corresponding mitigation strategies. These findings help address existing scepticism and support the wider adoption of ECBs in last-mile delivery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253937