This research introduces a comprehensive methodology for simulating the interaction between a tyre and the embedded Pirelli Cyber Tyre sensor, with the goal of optimizing the sensor’s geometry and functional performance. The study follows an integrated approach, combining experimental characterization, numerical modelling, and validation to establish a robust framework for virtual sensor prototyping. A lumped-parameter model was developed to describe the sensor’s dynamic behaviour, enabling material optimization through genetic algorithms and supporting a finite element (FE) sub-modelling strategy. Extensive experimental testing of polyurethane potting under static, dynamic, and thermal conditions provided reliable input data for simulations and revealed critical temperature-dependent behaviours. A preliminary methodology for adhesive characterization was also implemented to assess performance under varying conditions. Coupled and stand-alone Finite Element models were constructed to evaluate sensor–tyre interactions, identifying which component of the sensor behaves as the primary load-bearing component and guiding structural improvements. A thermal model was introduced to assess the feasibility of a future three-dimensional thermo-mechanical virtual prototype of the tyre–sensor system. To validate the models, innovative experimental techniques were employed, including Digital Image Correlation and pose estimation, which confirmed the accuracy of the simulations and provided insights into the sensor’s real-world behaviour. The proposed methodology lays the foundation for future advancements in smart sensor design, including fully coupled thermo-mechanical modelling and integrated shape and topology optimization.
Questa ricerca propone una metodologia completa per la simulazione dell’interazione tra uno pneumatico e il sensore integrato Pirelli Cyber Tyre, con l’obiettivo di ottimizzarne la geometria e le prestazioni funzionali. Lo studio adotta un approccio integrato, combinando caratterizzazione sperimentale, modellazione numerica e validazione, al fine di sviluppare un solido framework per la prototipazione virtuale del sensore. È stato sviluppato un modello a parametri concentrati per descrivere il comportamento dinamico del sensore, abilitando l’ottimizzazione dei materiali tramite algoritmi genetici e supportando una strategia di sotto-modellazione agli elementi finiti (FE). Una campagna sperimentale estensiva sulla resina poliuretanica, condotta in condizioni statiche, dinamiche e termiche, ha fornito dati affidabili per le simulazioni e ha evidenziato comportamenti critici dipendenti dalla temperatura. È stata inoltre implementata una metodologia preliminare per la caratterizzazione degli adesivi, al fine di valutarne le prestazioni in condizioni variabili. Sono stati sviluppati modelli FE accoppiati e stand-alone per analizzare l’interazione tra sensore e pneumatico, identificando quale componente del sensore si comporta come elemento portante principale e guidando il miglioramento strutturale. È stato introdotto un modello termico per valutare la fattibilità di un futuro prototipo virtuale tridimensionale termo-meccanico del sistema sensore–pneumatico. Per la validazione dei modelli, sono state adottate tecniche sperimentali innovative, tra cui la Digital Image Correlation e la stima della posa, che hanno confermato l’accuratezza delle simulazioni e fornito informazioni sul comportamento reale del sensore. La metodologia proposta pone le basi per futuri sviluppi nel design di sensori intelligenti, inclusa la modellazione termo-meccanica completamente accoppiata e l’ottimizzazione integrata della forma e della topologia.
Analysis of different sensor technology solutions on sensorised tyre performances.
Montini, Edoardo
2025/2026
Abstract
This research introduces a comprehensive methodology for simulating the interaction between a tyre and the embedded Pirelli Cyber Tyre sensor, with the goal of optimizing the sensor’s geometry and functional performance. The study follows an integrated approach, combining experimental characterization, numerical modelling, and validation to establish a robust framework for virtual sensor prototyping. A lumped-parameter model was developed to describe the sensor’s dynamic behaviour, enabling material optimization through genetic algorithms and supporting a finite element (FE) sub-modelling strategy. Extensive experimental testing of polyurethane potting under static, dynamic, and thermal conditions provided reliable input data for simulations and revealed critical temperature-dependent behaviours. A preliminary methodology for adhesive characterization was also implemented to assess performance under varying conditions. Coupled and stand-alone Finite Element models were constructed to evaluate sensor–tyre interactions, identifying which component of the sensor behaves as the primary load-bearing component and guiding structural improvements. A thermal model was introduced to assess the feasibility of a future three-dimensional thermo-mechanical virtual prototype of the tyre–sensor system. To validate the models, innovative experimental techniques were employed, including Digital Image Correlation and pose estimation, which confirmed the accuracy of the simulations and provided insights into the sensor’s real-world behaviour. The proposed methodology lays the foundation for future advancements in smart sensor design, including fully coupled thermo-mechanical modelling and integrated shape and topology optimization.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/254137