The transition toward sustainable urban mobility and the reduction of transport-related emissions are critical challenges for cities worldwide. Waterways represent a promising alternative, offering the potential to alleviate congestion, reduce air and noise pollution, and enhance urban quality of life. Waterborne Passenger Mobility (WPM) services, integrating vessels such as ferries and waterbuses into broader urban transport networks, provide flexible and resource-efficient mobility solutions. Despite their advantages, WPM systems still face challenges concerning emissions, resource use, and waste management. Although the sector is progressively transitioning toward sustainability, partly driven by EU targets, knowledge remains limited and fragmented, lacking the holistic perspective necessary to support long-term and systemic transformation. Existing research predominantly adopts a vertical, product-centred approach, focusing mainly on vessels or propulsion technologies, often overlooking the broader systemic and relational dynamics that underpin sustainable WPM ecosystems. Digitalization emerges as a crucial enabler for advancing sustainable WPM, supporting circular strategies, real-time monitoring, operational optimization, and data-driven decision-making. The Smart Circular Economy paradigm emphasizes leveraging technologies to implement circular strategies and foster sustainability. This doctoral research explores how to design smart circular WPM ecosystems through a systemic and strategic approach, culminating in the definition of Smart Circular Strategic Directions as actionable guidelines for practitioners and a conceptual framework for academics. The overarching aim is to support the sustainable and digital transition of the sector. Situated at the intersection of sustainability, mobility systems, and the smart circular economy, the research bridges design, management, transportation engineering, and maritime studies. The study follows a qualitative methodology grounded in a research-though-design approach, where systemic design fosters a designerly way of knowing. It is structured around three sequential research questions (RQs), each addressing a specific gap and building iteratively on the previous stage. RQ1 explores how the WPM ecosystem is structured. By integrating a literature review and case study analysis, a systemic perspective on the sector was adopted. Through system mapping techniques, the ecosystem, its actors, their interactions, and the lifecycle phases were framed. RQ2 examines how digital technologies can enable circular strategies. A Smart Circular WPM Ecosystem framework was developed by integrating circular economy principles with digital enablers, and applied to ten international case studies. Data were collected through desk research, semi-structured interviews, and field observations. Empirical practices found in the cases were reorganized along the service lifecycle and synthesized into a framework of 21 Smart Circular Strategies, supported by SWOT analysis and maturity mapping. RQ3 investigates which design strategies and guidelines can support ecosystem transition. A scenario-based approach was employed to integrate practices into three Strategic Directions. System mapping, visualization, and foresight tools supported the analysis and the definition of the Strategic Directions, while expert validation sessions with both academics and practitioners ensured robustness, critical reflection, and sectoral relevance of the results. The thesis offers several key contributions. First, it advances knowledge by conceptualizing WPM as an ecosystem, shifting from a product-oriented perspective to a systemic one that includes actors, infrastructures, digital assets, and lifecycle processes. Second, it develops a framework of smart circular strategies that synthesizes emerging practices in the sector, systematically mapped along the service lifecycle. Third, it defines influencing factors (enablers, challenges, and barriers) for a smart circular transition of the WPM sector. Fourth, as comprehensive outcome, it proposes three Strategic Directions that function as guidelines to support practitioners and policymakers in transitioning toward smart, circular, and sustainable WPM systems. Each Strategic Direction was described in terms of its purpose and objectives, embedded smart circular features, and expected sustainable benefits, as well as its value proposition, key resources and activities, primary roles and responsibilities, and the visual configuration of the supporting ecosystem. The originality of the study lies in its systemic and strategic approach to WPM, which, for the first time, addresses actor relationships and ecosystem dynamics (systemic), while targeting long-term, comprehensive, and innovative actions (strategic). By integrating digital enablers with circular economy principles, it advances a multi-level framework that spans from individual strategies to a comprehensive, future-oriented roadmap, where all three Strategic Directions are integrated and mutually reinforcing. From a practical perspective, the research provides policymakers, planners, and operators with clear tools to identify roles, foster collaboration, and manage transitions, while also anticipating barriers related to technology, regulation, and organizational change. Theoretically, it contributes novel methods for ecosystem mapping and systemic design, introduces a lifecycle tailored to WPM services, and positions the findings within broader debates on digital and sustainable mobility systems.
La transizione verso una mobilità urbana sostenibile e la riduzione delle emissioni legate ai trasporti rappresentano sfide cruciali per le città di tutto il mondo. Le vie d’acqua costituiscono un’alternativa promettente, offrendo il potenziale per alleviare il traffico su strada, ridurre l’inquinamento atmosferico e acustico e migliorare la qualità della vita urbana. I servizi di Waterborne Passenger Mobility (WPM), che integrano imbarcazioni quali traghetti e vaporetti nelle reti di trasporto urbano più ampie, contribuiscono a fornire soluzioni di mobilità flessibili ed efficienti. Nonostante i loro vantaggi, i sistemi WPM presentano ancora criticità in termini di emissioni, utilizzo delle risorse e gestione dei rifiuti. Sebbene il settore stia progressivamente orientandosi verso la sostenibilità, anche grazie agli obiettivi dell’Unione Europea, le conoscenze disponibili risultano ancora limitate e frammentate, prive della prospettiva olistica necessaria a supportare una trasformazione sistemica e di lungo periodo. La ricerca esistente adotta prevalentemente un approccio verticale e prodotto-centrico, concentrandosi soprattutto sulle imbarcazioni o sulle tecnologie di propulsione, trascurando spesso le più ampie dinamiche sistemiche e relazionali necessarie per lo sviluppo di ecosistemi WPM sostenibili. La digitalizzazione emerge come fattore abilitante cruciale per promuovere la sostenibilità dei sistemi WPM, supportando strategie circolari, monitoraggio in tempo reale, ottimizzazione operativa e processi decisionali basati sui dati. Il paradigma della Smart Circular Economy sottolinea l’importanza di integrare le tecnologie digitali per implementare strategie circolari e favorire la sostenibilità. Questa ricerca di dottorato esplora come progettare ecosistemi WPM smart e circolari attraverso un approccio sistemico e strategico, culminando nella definizione di Smart Circular Strategic Directions quali linee guida operative per i professionisti e framework concettuale per la comunità accademica. L’obiettivo generale è supportare la transizione sostenibile e digitale del settore. Collocata all’intersezione tra sostenibilità, sistemi di mobilità ed economia circolare smart, la ricerca integra contributi provenienti dal design, dal management, dall’ingegneria dei trasporti e dagli studi marittimi. Lo studio adotta una metodologia qualitativa fondata su un approccio di research-through-design, in cui il design sistemico promuove una modalità di conoscenza propria del designer (designerly way of knowing). È articolato attorno a tre domande di ricerca (RQ) sequenziali, ciascuna volta a colmare uno specifico gap conoscitivo e a svilupparsi in modo iterativo rispetto alla fase precedente. RQ1 esplora come è costituito l’ecosistema WPM. Attraverso l’integrazione di una revisione della letteratura e dell’analisi di casi studio, è stata adottata una prospettiva sistemica sul settore. Tramite tecniche di system mapping sono stati inquadrati l’ecosistema, i suoi attori, le loro interazioni e le fasi del ciclo di vita. RQ2 analizza come le tecnologie digitali possano abilitare strategie circolari. È stato sviluppato un framework di Smart Circular WPM Ecosystem integrando i principi dell’economia circolare con abilitatori digitali, successivamente applicato a dieci casi studio internazionali. I dati sono stati raccolti tramite desk research, interviste semi-strutturate e osservazioni sul campo. Le pratiche empiriche emerse dai casi sono state riorganizzate lungo il ciclo di vita del servizio e sintetizzate in un framework composto da 21 Smart Circular Strategies, supportato da analisi SWOT e maturity mapping. RQ3 indaga quali strategie e linee guida progettuali possano supportare la transizione dell’ecosistema. Attraverso lo sviluppo di un best-case scenario, le pratiche emerse dai casi studio sono state integrate in tre Strategic Directions. Strumenti di system mapping, visualizzazione e foresight hanno supportato l’analisi e la definizione delle Strategic Directions, mentre sessioni di validazione con esperti, sia accademici sia professionisti, ne hanno rafforzato la solidità, la riflessione critica e la rilevanza settoriale. La tesi offre diversi contributi chiave. In primo luogo, la ricerca ridefinisce il WPM come ecosistema, superando una prospettiva prodotto-centrica e introducendo una visione sistemica che integra attori, infrastrutture, asset digitali e processi lungo il ciclo di vita. In secondo luogo, la ricerca elabora un framework di strategie smart e circolari che organizza e sistematizza le pratiche emergenti del settore lungo il ciclo di vita del servizio. In terzo luogo, la ricerca definisce e sistematizza i fattori influenti (abilitatori, sfide e barriere) che condizionano la transizione smart e circolare del settore WPM. In quarto luogo, quale risultato complessivo, propone tre Strategic Directions concepite come linee guida per supportare professionisti e decisori pubblici nella transizione verso sistemi WPM smart, circolari e sostenibili. Ciascuna Strategic Direction è descritta in termini di finalità e obiettivi, caratteristiche smart e circolari, benefici sostenibili attesi, value proposition, risorse e attività chiave, ruoli e responsabilità principali e configurazione visiva dell’ecosistema di supporto. L’originalità dello studio risiede nell’approccio sistemico e strategico al WPM, che per la prima volta affronta le relazioni tra attori e le dinamiche ecosistemiche (dimensione sistemica), orientandosi al contempo verso azioni innovative, integrate e di lungo periodo (dimensione strategica). Integrando tecnologie digitali e principi di economia circolare, la ricerca propone un framework multilivello che va dalle singole strategie a una roadmap complessiva, in cui le tre Strategic Directions sono integrate e reciprocamente rafforzative. Dal punto di vista pratico, la ricerca fornisce a decisori pubblici, pianificatori e operatori del settore strumenti operativi per chiarire ruoli e responsabilità, favorire la collaborazione tra attori e gestire i processi di transizione, anticipando le principali barriere legate a tecnologia, regolamentazioni e cambiamento organizzativo. Sul piano teorico, contribuisce allo sviluppo di metodi innovativi per la mappatura degli ecosistemi e del design sistemico, introduce un ciclo di vita specificamente definito per i servizi WPM e colloca i risultati nel più ampio dibattito sulla mobilità sostenibile e digitale.
Towards smart and circular waterborne passenger mobility ecosystems: a systemic and strategic approach : designing smart circular strategic directions for the waterborne passenger transport service
Pirrone, Laura
2025/2026
Abstract
The transition toward sustainable urban mobility and the reduction of transport-related emissions are critical challenges for cities worldwide. Waterways represent a promising alternative, offering the potential to alleviate congestion, reduce air and noise pollution, and enhance urban quality of life. Waterborne Passenger Mobility (WPM) services, integrating vessels such as ferries and waterbuses into broader urban transport networks, provide flexible and resource-efficient mobility solutions. Despite their advantages, WPM systems still face challenges concerning emissions, resource use, and waste management. Although the sector is progressively transitioning toward sustainability, partly driven by EU targets, knowledge remains limited and fragmented, lacking the holistic perspective necessary to support long-term and systemic transformation. Existing research predominantly adopts a vertical, product-centred approach, focusing mainly on vessels or propulsion technologies, often overlooking the broader systemic and relational dynamics that underpin sustainable WPM ecosystems. Digitalization emerges as a crucial enabler for advancing sustainable WPM, supporting circular strategies, real-time monitoring, operational optimization, and data-driven decision-making. The Smart Circular Economy paradigm emphasizes leveraging technologies to implement circular strategies and foster sustainability. This doctoral research explores how to design smart circular WPM ecosystems through a systemic and strategic approach, culminating in the definition of Smart Circular Strategic Directions as actionable guidelines for practitioners and a conceptual framework for academics. The overarching aim is to support the sustainable and digital transition of the sector. Situated at the intersection of sustainability, mobility systems, and the smart circular economy, the research bridges design, management, transportation engineering, and maritime studies. The study follows a qualitative methodology grounded in a research-though-design approach, where systemic design fosters a designerly way of knowing. It is structured around three sequential research questions (RQs), each addressing a specific gap and building iteratively on the previous stage. RQ1 explores how the WPM ecosystem is structured. By integrating a literature review and case study analysis, a systemic perspective on the sector was adopted. Through system mapping techniques, the ecosystem, its actors, their interactions, and the lifecycle phases were framed. RQ2 examines how digital technologies can enable circular strategies. A Smart Circular WPM Ecosystem framework was developed by integrating circular economy principles with digital enablers, and applied to ten international case studies. Data were collected through desk research, semi-structured interviews, and field observations. Empirical practices found in the cases were reorganized along the service lifecycle and synthesized into a framework of 21 Smart Circular Strategies, supported by SWOT analysis and maturity mapping. RQ3 investigates which design strategies and guidelines can support ecosystem transition. A scenario-based approach was employed to integrate practices into three Strategic Directions. System mapping, visualization, and foresight tools supported the analysis and the definition of the Strategic Directions, while expert validation sessions with both academics and practitioners ensured robustness, critical reflection, and sectoral relevance of the results. The thesis offers several key contributions. First, it advances knowledge by conceptualizing WPM as an ecosystem, shifting from a product-oriented perspective to a systemic one that includes actors, infrastructures, digital assets, and lifecycle processes. Second, it develops a framework of smart circular strategies that synthesizes emerging practices in the sector, systematically mapped along the service lifecycle. Third, it defines influencing factors (enablers, challenges, and barriers) for a smart circular transition of the WPM sector. Fourth, as comprehensive outcome, it proposes three Strategic Directions that function as guidelines to support practitioners and policymakers in transitioning toward smart, circular, and sustainable WPM systems. Each Strategic Direction was described in terms of its purpose and objectives, embedded smart circular features, and expected sustainable benefits, as well as its value proposition, key resources and activities, primary roles and responsibilities, and the visual configuration of the supporting ecosystem. The originality of the study lies in its systemic and strategic approach to WPM, which, for the first time, addresses actor relationships and ecosystem dynamics (systemic), while targeting long-term, comprehensive, and innovative actions (strategic). By integrating digital enablers with circular economy principles, it advances a multi-level framework that spans from individual strategies to a comprehensive, future-oriented roadmap, where all three Strategic Directions are integrated and mutually reinforcing. From a practical perspective, the research provides policymakers, planners, and operators with clear tools to identify roles, foster collaboration, and manage transitions, while also anticipating barriers related to technology, regulation, and organizational change. Theoretically, it contributes novel methods for ecosystem mapping and systemic design, introduces a lifecycle tailored to WPM services, and positions the findings within broader debates on digital and sustainable mobility systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/254258