Short peptides have emerged as promising building blocks for next-generation biomaterials due to their modularity, synthetic accessibility and inherent biodegradability. Their minimal size offers clear advantages from a sustainability and design perspective, yet also imposes limitations, including reduced mechanical robustness, limited multifunctionality, and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. This thesis explores how subtle chemical modification, specifically halogenation, can amplify the functional potential of short peptides, enabling them to form structurally robust and programmable materials while preserving their minimalist and sustainable feature. The central aim of this work is, therefore, to establish halogenated short peptides as a versatile and tunable materials platform, and to investigate how atomic-level chemical design choices propagate through supramolecular assembly to determine mesoscale and macroscopic properties. To this end, the thesis integrates experimental studies spanning fibrous scaffolds, hybrid biopolymer networks, functional nanocarriers, and atomically resolved amyloid fibrils, providing a unified framework that connects molecular interactions, supramolecular organization, and material performance. Short peptides are first examined as primary structural components in fibrous materials. A resilin-inspired heptapeptide was processed into hybrid nonwoven scaffolds via electrospinning, yielding peptide-dominated networks. Mechanical characterization revealed strain-stiffening behavior and elastic recovery in the brominated derivative-based system, where bromine substitution reinforced intermolecular interactions and enabled control over degradation under aqueous conditions. These results demonstrate that ultrashort peptides can function as the main component in mechanically responsive, fully biodegradable fibrous materials, offering a promising alternative to conventional bioelastomers. Short peptides are then explored as minimal functional additives in hybrid biopolymer systems. Fluorinated and iodinated peptide variants were incorporated at low concentrations into cellulose nanofiber networks, a renewable and recyclable matrix. Despite their minimal loading, the peptides significantly modulated network mechanics, interifacial properties and water vapor permeability through non-covalent interactions, while leaving the polysaccharide chemically unmodified, thereby illustrating a sustainable and modular strategy for enhancing bio-derived materials. The intrinsic self-assembly behavior of short peptides is subsequently exploited to generate functional nanostructures. An iodinated pentapeptide derived from the amyloid-βrecognition motif was shown to self-assemble into nanostructures capable of encapsulating aromatic cargo. Release kinetics was quantified using dialysis-based assays, while enzymatic stability was assessed through proteolytic degradation studies monitored by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These experiments show that functional nanocarriers can be encoded within ultrashort peptide sequences, and that halogenation provides a means to enhance stability against enzymatic attack without increasing molecular complexity. Finally, the thesis addresses the challenge of amyloid polymorphism by investigating how systematic halogen substitution (F, Br, I) in a minimal amyloidogenic pentapeptide translates into hierarchical supramolecular order. Structural characterization using atomic force microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy revealed that halogen identity governs protofilament packing, fibril width, pitch, and twist, and, in particular, stabilizes a previously unobserved fibril architecture characterized by dual periodicity along individual fibrils. These findings directly link atomic-scale interactions to emergent mesoscale morphology. Taken together, this thesis demonstrates that short peptides, combined with strategic halogenation, constitute a versatile and sustainable materials platform. By enabling peptides to act as structural components, functional additives, self-assembling nanocarriers, and hierarchically encoded fibrillar materials, this work highlights how functional complexity and materials performance can emerge from chemically simple building blocks, offering new strategies for the rational design of biodegradable and renewable peptide-based systems.
Le sequenze peptidiche corte si stanno affermando come promettenti unità costitutive per biomateriali di nuova generazione, grazie alla loro modularità, facilità di sintesi e biodegradabilità intrinseca. Queste caratteristiche offrono importanti vantaggi in termini di sostenibilità e progettazione razionale. Tuttavia, il loro impiego presenta alcune criticità, tra cui una limitata robustezza meccanica, una multifunzionalità ridotta e una maggiore suscettibilità alla degradazione rispetto ai materiali basati su proteine più complesse. La presente tesi esplora come modifiche chimiche mirate, in particolare l’alogenazione, possano ampliare il potenziale funzionale dei peptidi corti, favorendo la formazione di materiali strutturalmente robusti e programmabili, senza comprometterne il carattere minimalista e sostenibile. L’obiettivo principale è dimostrare che i peptidi corti alogenati costituiscono una piattaforma versatile e modulabile per la progettazione di materiali avanzati, chiarendo al contempo come scelte progettuali a livello atomico si traducano, attraverso l’auto-assemblaggio supramolecolare, in proprietà mesoscopiche e macroscopiche. A tal fine, la tesi integra studi sperimentali che comprendono scaffold fibrillari, biocompositi, nanocarrier funzionali e fibrille amiloidi caratterizzate a livello atomico, delineando un quadro unificato che collega interazioni molecolari, organizzazione supramolecolare e prestazioni del materiale. In primo luogo, i peptidi corti sono stati impiegati come principali componenti strutturali in materiali fibrosi. Un eptapeptide ispirato alla resilina è stato trasformato in scaffold ibridi mediante elettrofilatura, ottenendo tessuti a prevalenza peptidica. Le analisi meccaniche hanno evidenziato un comportamento di strain-stiffening e recupero elastico nel sistema contenente il derivato bromurato: la sostituzione con bromo ha infatti rafforzato le interazioni intermolecolari e consentito di modulare la degradazione enzimatica in ambiente acquoso. Questi risultati dimostrano che peptidi corti possono fungere da componente strutturale principale in materiali fibrosi completamente biodegradabili e meccanicamente responsivi, rappresentando un’alternativa ai bioelastomeri convenzionali. Successivamente, i peptidi corti sono stati esplorati come additivi funzionali in sistemi ibridi a base di biopolimeri. Varianti fluorurate e iodurate sono state incorporate a basse concentrazioni in reticoli di nanofibre di cellulosa, matrice rinnovabile e riciclabile. Nonostante il ridotto contenuto, i peptidi hanno modulato significativamente le proprietà meccaniche del biocomposito, nonché le caratteristiche interfacciali e la permeabilità al vapore acqueo, attraverso interazioni non covalenti che non alterano la struttura chimica del polisaccaride. Questo approccio dimostra una strategia sostenibile e modulare per il miglioramento di materiali di origine naturale. La capacità intrinseca di auto-assemblaggio dei peptidi corti è stata inoltre sfruttata per generare nanostrutture funzionali. Un pentapeptide iodurato derivato dall’amiloide-β si è dimostrato capace di auto-assemblarsi in nanostrutture in grado di incapsulare molecole aromatiche. Le cinetiche di rilascio sono state valutate mediante saggi di dialisi, mentre la stabilità enzimatica è stata analizzata attraverso studi di degradazione proteolitica monitorati con cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni e spettrometria di massa. I risultati indicano che è possibile codificare nanocarrier funzionali in sequenze peptidiche corte e che l’alogenazione rappresenta una strategia efficace per aumentarne la stabilità nei confronti dell’attacco enzimatico, senza incrementare la complessità molecolare. Infine, la tesi affronta il tema del polimorfismo amiloide, studiando come la sostituzione sistematica con alogeni (F, Br, I) in un pentapeptide amiloidogenico minimale influenzi l’organizzazione supramolecolare gerarchica. La caratterizzazione strutturale mediante microscopia a forza atomica e microscopia elettronica criogenica ha evidenziato che l’identità dell’alogeno governa l’impacchettamento dei protofilamenti, la larghezza delle fibrille, il passo e la torsione, stabilizzando un’architettura fibrillare finora non osservata, caratterizzata da una doppia periodicità lungo le singole fibrille. Questi risultati collegano in modo diretto le interazioni su scala atomica alla morfologia emergente su scala mesoscopica. Nel complesso, questa tesi dimostra che i peptidi corti, opportunamente modificati mediante alogenazione, costituiscono una piattaforma di materiali versatile e sostenibile. Mostra inoltre come complessità funzionale e prestazioni avanzate possano emergere da elementi costitutivi chimicamente semplici, aprendo nuove prospettive per la progettazione razionale di sistemi peptidici biodegradabili e rinnovabili.
Halogen-directed self-assembly and function in the multiscale design of short peptide materials
Marelli, Elisa
2025/2026
Abstract
Short peptides have emerged as promising building blocks for next-generation biomaterials due to their modularity, synthetic accessibility and inherent biodegradability. Their minimal size offers clear advantages from a sustainability and design perspective, yet also imposes limitations, including reduced mechanical robustness, limited multifunctionality, and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. This thesis explores how subtle chemical modification, specifically halogenation, can amplify the functional potential of short peptides, enabling them to form structurally robust and programmable materials while preserving their minimalist and sustainable feature. The central aim of this work is, therefore, to establish halogenated short peptides as a versatile and tunable materials platform, and to investigate how atomic-level chemical design choices propagate through supramolecular assembly to determine mesoscale and macroscopic properties. To this end, the thesis integrates experimental studies spanning fibrous scaffolds, hybrid biopolymer networks, functional nanocarriers, and atomically resolved amyloid fibrils, providing a unified framework that connects molecular interactions, supramolecular organization, and material performance. Short peptides are first examined as primary structural components in fibrous materials. A resilin-inspired heptapeptide was processed into hybrid nonwoven scaffolds via electrospinning, yielding peptide-dominated networks. Mechanical characterization revealed strain-stiffening behavior and elastic recovery in the brominated derivative-based system, where bromine substitution reinforced intermolecular interactions and enabled control over degradation under aqueous conditions. These results demonstrate that ultrashort peptides can function as the main component in mechanically responsive, fully biodegradable fibrous materials, offering a promising alternative to conventional bioelastomers. Short peptides are then explored as minimal functional additives in hybrid biopolymer systems. Fluorinated and iodinated peptide variants were incorporated at low concentrations into cellulose nanofiber networks, a renewable and recyclable matrix. Despite their minimal loading, the peptides significantly modulated network mechanics, interifacial properties and water vapor permeability through non-covalent interactions, while leaving the polysaccharide chemically unmodified, thereby illustrating a sustainable and modular strategy for enhancing bio-derived materials. The intrinsic self-assembly behavior of short peptides is subsequently exploited to generate functional nanostructures. An iodinated pentapeptide derived from the amyloid-βrecognition motif was shown to self-assemble into nanostructures capable of encapsulating aromatic cargo. Release kinetics was quantified using dialysis-based assays, while enzymatic stability was assessed through proteolytic degradation studies monitored by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These experiments show that functional nanocarriers can be encoded within ultrashort peptide sequences, and that halogenation provides a means to enhance stability against enzymatic attack without increasing molecular complexity. Finally, the thesis addresses the challenge of amyloid polymorphism by investigating how systematic halogen substitution (F, Br, I) in a minimal amyloidogenic pentapeptide translates into hierarchical supramolecular order. Structural characterization using atomic force microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy revealed that halogen identity governs protofilament packing, fibril width, pitch, and twist, and, in particular, stabilizes a previously unobserved fibril architecture characterized by dual periodicity along individual fibrils. These findings directly link atomic-scale interactions to emergent mesoscale morphology. Taken together, this thesis demonstrates that short peptides, combined with strategic halogenation, constitute a versatile and sustainable materials platform. By enabling peptides to act as structural components, functional additives, self-assembling nanocarriers, and hierarchically encoded fibrillar materials, this work highlights how functional complexity and materials performance can emerge from chemically simple building blocks, offering new strategies for the rational design of biodegradable and renewable peptide-based systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Marelli_PhDthesis2.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/254477