This PhD thesis investigates in detail a novel design for the launching mirror of the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system of the Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT). The study begins with a comprehensive review of the existing launching mirrors developed for other fusion devices, with particular attention to the materials employed and the cooling solutions adopted. Indeed, given the severe operating conditions and the intense thermal loads involved, these components require active cooling and a careful selection of suitable materials to ensure their reliability and performance. The current state of the art mainly involves metallic launching mirrors, which demonstrate good thermo-mechanical performance but exhibit critical issues related to electromagnetic forces, especially during disruption events. Consequently, the main goal of the research conducted over the three years of this PhD was to develop a new launching mirror design by introducing innovative materials capable of significantly reducing or even fully mitigating the effects of electromagnetic forces. This approach involves the use of dielectric materials or metals with low electrical conductivity, which, however, are typically characterized by reduced thermal conductivity. As a result, the research focused not only on the selection of suitable materials, but primarily on the design of an innovative cooling system aimed at maximizing heat exchange efficiency and thereby allowing the implementation of materials with limited thermal conductivity. The first part of this work focused on developing the conceptual design of a launching mirror made of a dielectric (advanced ceramic) material, capable of fully mitigating eddy current formation and, consequently, the magnetic torques acting on the component. Therefore, an optimized cooling channel was designed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses with the aim of maintaining the component temperature within acceptable limits during operation. Furthermore, the component was analysed through mechanical simulations to verify its structural integrity under the applied loads. The second part of this work focused on developing a metallic mirror as an alternative to the ceramic design. In this case, several configurations were investigated with the aim of identifying the optimal trade-off between the electromagnetic forces and the thermo-mechanical performance, resulting in two potential metallic mirror design proposals. The mechanical analyses were carried out following the design codes typically adopted for components in the nuclear sector. Finally, the manufacturing of a ceramic prototype is currently underway, and it will subsequently be tested at the FALCON facility of the Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) - EPFL, Lausanne, to validate the computational model and assess the performance of the proposed design.
La seguente tesi di dottorato analizza in dettaglio un nuovo progetto per lo specchio di lancio del sistema di Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) della struttura Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT). Lo studio inizia con una revisione approfondita degli specchi di lancio esistenti sviluppati per altri dispositivi a fusione, con particolare attenzione ai materiali impiegati e alle soluzioni di raffreddamento adottate. Infatti, date le severe condizioni operative e gli intensi carichi termici coinvolti, questi componenti richiedono un raffreddamento attivo e un’accurata selezione di materiali adeguati per garantire affidabilità e prestazioni. Lo stato dell’arte attuale riguarda principalmente specchi di lancio metallici, che mostrano buone prestazioni termo-meccaniche ma presentano criticità legate alle forze elettromagnetiche, soprattutto durante eventi di disruption. Di conseguenza, l’obiettivo principale della ricerca svolta durante i tre anni di questo dottorato è stato sviluppare un nuovo progetto di specchio di lancio introducendo materiali innovativi capaci di ridurre significativamente, o addirittura mitigare completamente, gli effetti delle forze elettromagnetiche. Questo approccio prevede l’utilizzo di materiali dielettrici oppure di metalli con bassa conducibilità elettrica, che tuttavia sono generalmente caratterizzati da una ridotta conducibilità termica. Di conseguenza, la ricerca si è concentrata non solo sulla selezione di materiali idonei, ma soprattutto sulla progettazione di un sistema di raffreddamento innovativo volto a massimizzare l’efficienza dello scambio termico e quindi a permettere l’impiego di materiali con conducibilità termica limitata. La prima parte di questo lavoro si è concentrata sullo sviluppo del progetto concettuale di uno specchio di lancio realizzato in materiale dielettrico (ceramica avanzata), in grado di mitigare completamente la formazione di correnti parassite (eddy currents) e, di conseguenza, le coppie magnetiche agenti sul componente. È stato quindi progettato un canale di raffreddamento ottimizzato tramite analisi di fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD), con l’obiettivo di mantenere la temperatura del componente entro limiti accettabili durante il funzionamento. Inoltre, il componente è stato analizzato mediante simulazioni meccaniche per verificarne l’integrità strutturale sotto i carichi applicati. La seconda parte del lavoro si è concentrata sullo sviluppo di uno specchio metallico come alternativa al progetto ceramico. In questo caso sono state investigate diverse configurazioni con l’obiettivo di individuare il miglior compromesso tra le forze elettromagnetiche e le prestazioni termo-meccaniche, portando alla definizione di due possibili proposte di progetto per uno specchio metallico. Le analisi meccaniche sono state condotte seguendo i codici di progettazione tipicamente adottati per componenti del settore nucleare. Infine, la realizzazione di un prototipo ceramico è attualmente in corso e verrà successivamente testato presso la struttura FALCON dello Swiss Plasma Center (SPC)-EPFL, a Losanna, al fine di validare il modello computazionale e valutare le prestazioni del progetto proposto.
Thermomechanical design and verification of the ECRH launcher mirror
Pagliaro, Alfredo
2025/2026
Abstract
This PhD thesis investigates in detail a novel design for the launching mirror of the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system of the Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT). The study begins with a comprehensive review of the existing launching mirrors developed for other fusion devices, with particular attention to the materials employed and the cooling solutions adopted. Indeed, given the severe operating conditions and the intense thermal loads involved, these components require active cooling and a careful selection of suitable materials to ensure their reliability and performance. The current state of the art mainly involves metallic launching mirrors, which demonstrate good thermo-mechanical performance but exhibit critical issues related to electromagnetic forces, especially during disruption events. Consequently, the main goal of the research conducted over the three years of this PhD was to develop a new launching mirror design by introducing innovative materials capable of significantly reducing or even fully mitigating the effects of electromagnetic forces. This approach involves the use of dielectric materials or metals with low electrical conductivity, which, however, are typically characterized by reduced thermal conductivity. As a result, the research focused not only on the selection of suitable materials, but primarily on the design of an innovative cooling system aimed at maximizing heat exchange efficiency and thereby allowing the implementation of materials with limited thermal conductivity. The first part of this work focused on developing the conceptual design of a launching mirror made of a dielectric (advanced ceramic) material, capable of fully mitigating eddy current formation and, consequently, the magnetic torques acting on the component. Therefore, an optimized cooling channel was designed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses with the aim of maintaining the component temperature within acceptable limits during operation. Furthermore, the component was analysed through mechanical simulations to verify its structural integrity under the applied loads. The second part of this work focused on developing a metallic mirror as an alternative to the ceramic design. In this case, several configurations were investigated with the aim of identifying the optimal trade-off between the electromagnetic forces and the thermo-mechanical performance, resulting in two potential metallic mirror design proposals. The mechanical analyses were carried out following the design codes typically adopted for components in the nuclear sector. Finally, the manufacturing of a ceramic prototype is currently underway, and it will subsequently be tested at the FALCON facility of the Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) - EPFL, Lausanne, to validate the computational model and assess the performance of the proposed design.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2026_03_Pagliaro.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: testo tesi
Dimensione
19.02 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
19.02 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/254737