This thesis investigates the formation of tin-oxide-based coatings on titanium substrates using the Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) technique. The primary objective of the research is to understand how different electrolyte formulations influence the growth, morphology, and stability of SnO₂ coatings produced by PEO. Titanium plates were used as substrates and several electrolyte systems containing tin precursors and dopant species were explored in order to evaluate their effectiveness in forming stable oxide layers. A series of experimental conditions were investigated by varying electrolyte composition and electrical parameters. Surface and structural characterization of the coatings was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). These techniques allowed the evaluation of coating morphology, phase composition, and elemental distribution within the oxide layers formed during the plasma discharge process. The experimental results show that the formation of stable SnO₂ coatings strongly depends on the electrolyte chemistry. In most electrolyte formulations tested in this work, the PEO process did not produce a continuous or well-adhered coating on the titanium surface. Instead, the surface was mainly characterized by irregular oxidation of the titanium substrate or by non-uniform oxide growth. Only the electrolyte formulation identified as Binayak-1 produced a consistent and homogeneous coating on the titanium plates. Under these conditions, the PEO process generated a characteristic porous microstructure with coral-like morphology composed of interconnected spherical features with sub-micron dimensions. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline SnO₂ phases together with a thin interfacial titanium oxide layer that contributes to improved adhesion between the coating and the substrate. The results therefore highlight the critical role of electrolyte composition in controlling the coating formation during PEO processing. Overall, this study demonstrates that Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation can be used to produce tin-oxide coatings on titanium substrates, but successful coating formation is highly dependent on electrolyte stability and process parameters. The findings provide useful insight for future optimization of PEO-based synthesis routes for functional oxide electrodes and related electrochemical applications.
Questa tesi analizza la formazione di rivestimenti a base di ossido di stagno su substrati di titanio mediante la tecnica di Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO). L’obiettivo principale dello studio è comprendere come differenti formulazioni elettrolitiche influenzino la crescita, la morfologia e la stabilità dei rivestimenti di SnO₂ ottenuti attraverso il processo PEO. Piastre di titanio sono state utilizzate come substrato e sono state investigate diverse soluzioni elettrolitiche contenenti precursori di stagno e specie droganti al fine di valutare la loro efficacia nella formazione di strati ossidi stabili. Sono state esaminate diverse condizioni sperimentali variando la composizione dell’elettrolita e i parametri elettrici del processo. La caratterizzazione dei rivestimenti è stata effettuata mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM), diffrazione a raggi X (XRD) e spettroscopia EDS, permettendo l’analisi della morfologia superficiale, della composizione di fase e della distribuzione degli elementi all’interno degli strati ossidi formati durante il processo di scarica plasma. I risultati sperimentali mostrano che la formazione di rivestimenti stabili di SnO₂ dipende fortemente dalla composizione chimica dell’elettrolita. Nella maggior parte delle soluzioni elettrolitiche analizzate, il processo PEO non ha prodotto un rivestimento continuo o ben aderente sulla superficie del titanio. In molti casi è stata osservata principalmente l’ossidazione irregolare del substrato oppure una crescita non uniforme dello strato ossido. Solo la formulazione elettrolitica denominata Binayak-1 ha consentito la formazione di un rivestimento omogeneo e stabile sulle piastre di titanio. In queste condizioni, il processo PEO ha generato una tipica microstruttura porosa con morfologia di tipo “coral-like”, composta da strutture sferiche interconnesse di dimensioni sub-micrometriche. L’analisi strutturale ha confermato la presenza di fasi cristalline di SnO₂ insieme a un sottile strato intermedio di ossido di titanio che migliora l’adesione tra il rivestimento e il substrato metallico. I risultati evidenziano quindi il ruolo determinante della composizione dell’elettrolita nel controllo della formazione del rivestimento durante il processo PEO. Nel complesso, questo lavoro dimostra che la Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation rappresenta una tecnica promettente per la produzione di rivestimenti di ossido di stagno su substrati di titanio, anche se la formazione efficace del rivestimento dipende in modo critico dalla stabilità dell’elettrolita e dai parametri di processo. I risultati ottenuti forniscono indicazioni utili per futuri studi di ottimizzazione dei processi PEO destinati alla sintesi di rivestimenti funzionali per applicazioni elettrochimiche.
Tin oxide based electrodes made by Plasma electrolytic oxidation PEO
Sahoo, Binayak Subhasish
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the formation of tin-oxide-based coatings on titanium substrates using the Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) technique. The primary objective of the research is to understand how different electrolyte formulations influence the growth, morphology, and stability of SnO₂ coatings produced by PEO. Titanium plates were used as substrates and several electrolyte systems containing tin precursors and dopant species were explored in order to evaluate their effectiveness in forming stable oxide layers. A series of experimental conditions were investigated by varying electrolyte composition and electrical parameters. Surface and structural characterization of the coatings was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). These techniques allowed the evaluation of coating morphology, phase composition, and elemental distribution within the oxide layers formed during the plasma discharge process. The experimental results show that the formation of stable SnO₂ coatings strongly depends on the electrolyte chemistry. In most electrolyte formulations tested in this work, the PEO process did not produce a continuous or well-adhered coating on the titanium surface. Instead, the surface was mainly characterized by irregular oxidation of the titanium substrate or by non-uniform oxide growth. Only the electrolyte formulation identified as Binayak-1 produced a consistent and homogeneous coating on the titanium plates. Under these conditions, the PEO process generated a characteristic porous microstructure with coral-like morphology composed of interconnected spherical features with sub-micron dimensions. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline SnO₂ phases together with a thin interfacial titanium oxide layer that contributes to improved adhesion between the coating and the substrate. The results therefore highlight the critical role of electrolyte composition in controlling the coating formation during PEO processing. Overall, this study demonstrates that Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation can be used to produce tin-oxide coatings on titanium substrates, but successful coating formation is highly dependent on electrolyte stability and process parameters. The findings provide useful insight for future optimization of PEO-based synthesis routes for functional oxide electrodes and related electrochemical applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/254797