In recent decades, the rapid growth of resident space objects (RSOs) in the near-Earth environment has intensified the need for robust Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) capabilities. At the same time, growing scientific, commercial, and strategic interest in cislunar space requires these capabilities to be extended to a dynamically more complex regime. In this context, reliable catalogue build-up and maintenance become critical challenges, with track-to-track correlation playing a central role in preventing object duplication and preserving catalogue consistency. This thesis addresses these challenges by developing methodologies for optical track-to-track correlation applicable from near-Earth to cislunar space. The work focuses on two closely related problems, manoeuvre-aware correlation and Initial Orbit Determination (IOD), and presents two main contributions. The first, introduces a correlation framework based on a minimum-energy optimal control formulation. Uncorrelated optical tracks, represented by attributables, are treated as boundary conditions of an energy-optimal control problem, whose transversality conditions limit the need for strong a priori dynamic assumptions. The resulting nonlinear problem is solved using an indirect single-shooting approach. Measurement uncertainty is propagated to obtain distributions of reconstructed states and control effort, which are compared against a background uncertainty-driven cost. This yields a statistically grounded effort-based correlation metric, that, coupled with a distance metric, enables the discrimination between ballistic motion, manoeuvring behaviour and unrelated tracks. The method is validated in a two-body setting and extended to a three-body cislunar framework. The second contribution addresses IOD in the cislunar environment, where classical near-Earth methods are ineffective due to the lack of sufficient integrals of motion. A novel IOD technique is developed by extending two-body invariant-based concepts to the Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP). The approach exploits the Jacobi constant, together with assumptions on the orbital plane and angular momentum direction, to resolve the underdetermined nature of angles-only observations. Measurement uncertainty is handled through an Unscented Transform-based formulation, enabling the generation and refinement of admissible state solutions. A further association step links the estimated states to families of periodic cislunar orbits, and the methodology is validated through extensive numerical simulations involving realistic ground-based and space-based observation scenarios. The results demonstrate promising performance in terms of robustness, accuracy, and adaptability, highlighting the potential of the proposed solutions to support future SST activities in both near-Earth and cislunar domains.
Negli ultimi decenni, la rapida crescita degli oggetti in orbita ha reso sempre più urgente lo sviluppo di capacità avanzate di Space Situational Awareness (SSA) e Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST). Parallelamente, il crescente interesse scientifico, commerciale e strategico per lo spazio cislunare richiede che tali capacità vengano estese a un contesto dinamico significativamente più complesso. In questo scenario, la costruzione e il mantenimento affidabile dei cataloghi di oggetti spaziali rappresentano sfide cruciali, con la correlazione track-to-track che assume un ruolo centrale nel prevenire duplicazioni e garantire la coerenza dei dati. Questa tesi affronta tali problematiche sviluppando metodologie di correlazione ottica track-to-track applicabili dallo spazio attorno alla Terra fino al regime cislunare. Il lavoro si concentra su due problemi strettamente interconnessi: la correlazione con possibilità di manovra (manoeuvre-aware correlation) e la determinazione iniziale dell’orbita (Initial Orbit Determination, IOD), e propone due contributi principali. Il primo contributo consiste nello sviluppo di un modello di correlazione basato su una formulazione di controllo ottimo a energia minima. Le tracce ottiche non correlate, rappresentate tramite attributables, vengono trattate come condizioni al contorno di un problema di controllo ottimo, le cui condizioni di trasversalità riducono la necessità di assunzioni dinamiche a priori restrittive. Il problema non lineare risultante è risolto mediante un approccio indiretto a single-shooting. L’incertezza delle misure viene propagata per ottenere distribuzioni degli stati ricostruiti e della spesa di controllo, confrontate con un costo di riferimento derivato dall’incertezza. Questo approccio consente di definire una metrica di correlazione basata sulla spesa, statisticamente fondata, che, combinata con una metrica di distanza, permette di distinguere tra moto balistico, comportamenti manovranti e tracce non correlate. La metodologia è stata validata in un contesto a due corpi e successivamente estesa all’ambiente cislunare a tre corpi. Il secondo contributo riguarda la determinazione iniziale dell’orbita (IOD) in ambiente cislunare, dove i metodi classici sviluppati per lo spazio vicino alla Terra risultano inefficaci a causa della mancanza di integrali del moto sufficienti. È stata sviluppata una nuova tecnica di IOD che estende i concetti basati sugli invarianti del problema a due corpi al problema circolare ristretto dei tre corpi (CR3BP). L’approccio sfrutta la costante di Jacobi, insieme ad assunzioni sul piano orbitale e sulla direzione del momento angolare, per risolvere la natura sotto‑determinata delle osservazioni basate esclusivamente sulle misure angolari. L’incertezza delle misure viene gestita mediante una formulazione basata sulla Unscented Transform, che consente di generare e affinare soluzioni di stato ammissibili. Un ulteriore passaggio di associazione collega gli stati stimati a famiglie di orbite periodiche cislunari. La metodologia è stata validata attraverso ampie simulazioni numeriche in scenari realistici, comprendenti osservazioni da terra e dallo spazio. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano prestazioni promettenti in termini di robustezza, accuratezza e adattabilità, evidenziando il potenziale di questa metodologia per supportare future attività di SST sia nello spazio vicino alla Terra sia nel dominio cislunare.
Optimal-control and integral-based methods for track correlation under two- and three-body dynamics
De Riz, Alessia
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent decades, the rapid growth of resident space objects (RSOs) in the near-Earth environment has intensified the need for robust Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) capabilities. At the same time, growing scientific, commercial, and strategic interest in cislunar space requires these capabilities to be extended to a dynamically more complex regime. In this context, reliable catalogue build-up and maintenance become critical challenges, with track-to-track correlation playing a central role in preventing object duplication and preserving catalogue consistency. This thesis addresses these challenges by developing methodologies for optical track-to-track correlation applicable from near-Earth to cislunar space. The work focuses on two closely related problems, manoeuvre-aware correlation and Initial Orbit Determination (IOD), and presents two main contributions. The first, introduces a correlation framework based on a minimum-energy optimal control formulation. Uncorrelated optical tracks, represented by attributables, are treated as boundary conditions of an energy-optimal control problem, whose transversality conditions limit the need for strong a priori dynamic assumptions. The resulting nonlinear problem is solved using an indirect single-shooting approach. Measurement uncertainty is propagated to obtain distributions of reconstructed states and control effort, which are compared against a background uncertainty-driven cost. This yields a statistically grounded effort-based correlation metric, that, coupled with a distance metric, enables the discrimination between ballistic motion, manoeuvring behaviour and unrelated tracks. The method is validated in a two-body setting and extended to a three-body cislunar framework. The second contribution addresses IOD in the cislunar environment, where classical near-Earth methods are ineffective due to the lack of sufficient integrals of motion. A novel IOD technique is developed by extending two-body invariant-based concepts to the Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP). The approach exploits the Jacobi constant, together with assumptions on the orbital plane and angular momentum direction, to resolve the underdetermined nature of angles-only observations. Measurement uncertainty is handled through an Unscented Transform-based formulation, enabling the generation and refinement of admissible state solutions. A further association step links the estimated states to families of periodic cislunar orbits, and the methodology is validated through extensive numerical simulations involving realistic ground-based and space-based observation scenarios. The results demonstrate promising performance in terms of robustness, accuracy, and adaptability, highlighting the potential of the proposed solutions to support future SST activities in both near-Earth and cislunar domains.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/254877