In today’s highly competitive and globalized markets, firms are increasingly competing through intangible assets rather than purely functional performance. Among these, brand equity stands out as a vital source of differentiation and strategic value, shaping not only customers’ perceptions and choices but also trust, reputation, and collaborative relationships that sustain long-term success in B2B contexts. While brand equity has long been recognized as a central construct in marketing theory, its conceptualization has largely influenced consumer-focused models. Specifically, Aaker’s (1991, 1996) foundational framework provides firm-centric and end-customer-driven logic that, despite its prevalence, do not fully account for the dynamics of brand value creation in complex business-to-business (B2B) settings. Therefore, recently published reviews conclude that within industrial and global B2B realms brand equity is still fragmented across contexts with little consensus on conceptualization and measurement (Castillo-Villar & Murillo, 2025; Marvi et al., 2024). In B2B markets, brand equity emerges not solely from firm–customer interactions but through structurally embedded interactions with multiple actors, including intermediaries, different customer segments, and internally distributed organizational units. The complexity of actors will involve situations of varying levels of autonomy, misalignment of strategies and goals, or informational asymmetries that all result in tensions and opportunities for value creation (R. M. Morgan & Hunt, 1994; Tuli et al., 2007), generating tensions and opportunities that existing models have not fully addressed. This dissertation investigates how a B2B firm operating in a multi-stakeholder context can enhance its brand equity by synthesizing three interconnected empirical studies, each focusing on a different stakeholder interface. The first study analyzes the reciprocal relationship between firm and intermediary brand equities, introducing the concept of Agent Brand Equity (ABE) and drawing on Resource Dependence Theory to explain the inter-organizational negotiation and power balances based on brand value. The second study explores how actual and potential customers evaluate brand equity through distinct mechanisms, drawing on Signaling Theory (Spence, 1973) and informed by recent advances in B2B brand research (e.g., Guenther & Guenther, 2019; Rahman et al., 2018) to explain how relational proximity moderates the interpretation of brand-related cues. The third study analyzes internal brand execution across the headquarters–branch dyad, employing a distributed agency perspective to examine how brand meaning is actualized and aligned within organizational structures. Empirically grounded in a global professional equipment company who operates in B2B channels exclusively, all three studies integrated both quantitative data and qualitative data collected from multiple sources in all three studies. The findings provide reconceptualization of brand equity as a distributed and contextually embedded construct that is influenced by internal strategic agency, stakeholder heterogeneity, and power dynamics. The thesis contributes to academic literature by extending B2B brand equity theory towards a multi-level, cross-boundary, and relationally embedded conceptualization and offers managerial insights about how firms can align brand meaning across different stakeholder groups.
Nei mercati contemporanei, sempre più competitivi e globalizzati, il vantaggio competitivo delle imprese si fonda in misura crescente su risorse immateriali, più che sulla sola performance funzionale dell’offerta. Tra queste, la brand equity rappresenta una leva strategica cruciale, in quanto incide non soltanto sulle percezioni e sulle scelte dei clienti, ma anche sulla fiducia, sulla reputazione e sulle relazioni collaborative che sostengono il successo di lungo periodo nei contesti business-to-business (B2B). Sebbene la letteratura di marketing riconosca da tempo la centralità della brand equity, la sua concettualizzazione è stata prevalentemente sviluppata a partire da modelli orientati al consumo finale. In particolare, il framework di Aaker (1991, 1996), pur costituendo un riferimento fondamentale, si fonda su una logica impresa-centrica e customer-driven che non riesce a cogliere pienamente i processi di costruzione del valore di marca nei contesti B2B complessi. In questa prospettiva, le più recenti revisioni della letteratura evidenziano come, nei mercati industriali e nei contesti B2B globali, il concetto di brand equity risulti ancora frammentato, con un limitato consenso sia sul piano della definizione teorica sia su quello della misurazione (Castillo-Villar & Murillo, 2025; Marvi et al., 2024). Nei mercati B2B, infatti, la brand equity non si genera esclusivamente nell’interazione tra impresa e cliente, ma prende forma all’interno di reti di relazioni strutturalmente articolate che coinvolgono una pluralità di attori, tra cui intermediari, segmenti differenziati di clientela e unità organizzative distribuite all’interno dell’impresa. Tale molteplicità di soggetti introduce differenti gradi di autonomia, possibili disallineamenti strategici e asimmetrie informative, configurando al tempo stesso tensioni e opportunità nei processi di creazione del valore (R. M. Morgan & Hunt, 1994; Tuli et al., 2007). Si tratta di dinamiche che i modelli tradizionali di brand equity non hanno ancora adeguatamente integrato. Alla luce di queste premesse, la presente tesi analizza in che modo un’impresa B2B inserita in un contesto multi-stakeholder possa rafforzare la propria brand equity, sviluppando una sintesi teorica e empirica articolata in tre studi tra loro interconnessi, ciascuno dedicato a una specifica interfaccia relazionale. Il primo studio esamina la relazione reciproca tra la brand equity dell’impresa e quella dell’intermediario, introducendo il concetto di Agent Brand Equity (ABE) e adottando la Resource Dependence Theory per interpretare i processi di negoziazione inter-organizzativa e gli equilibri di potere fondati sul valore di marca. Il secondo studio indaga i diversi meccanismi attraverso cui clienti attuali e potenziali valutano la brand equity, facendo riferimento alla Signaling Theory (Spence, 1973) e ai più recenti sviluppi della ricerca sui brand B2B (ad es. Guenther & Guenther, 2019; Rahman et al., 2018), al fine di mostrare come la prossimità relazionale moderi l’interpretazione dei segnali associati alla marca. Il terzo studio, infine, esplora i processi di implementazione interna della marca nella relazione tra headquarters e filiali, adottando una prospettiva di agency distribuita per comprendere come il significato del brand venga concretamente tradotto, negoziato e allineato all’interno delle strutture organizzative. Sul piano empirico, i tre studi si fondano sull’analisi di un’azienda globale operante esclusivamente in canali B2B nel settore delle attrezzature professionali. In tutti i casi, l’indagine integra dati quantitativi e qualitativi raccolti da fonti multiple, consentendo una comprensione articolata e multilivello del fenomeno. I risultati conducono a una riconcettualizzazione della brand equity come costrutto distribuito, relazionale e contestualizzato, influenzato dall’agency strategica interna, dall’eterogeneità degli stakeholder e dalle dinamiche di potere che attraversano il contesto organizzativo e inter-organizzativo. La presente tesi contribuisce così all’avanzamento della letteratura estendendo la teoria della brand equity nel B2B verso una prospettiva multilivello, inter-organizzativa e fondata sulle relazioni tra stakeholder, e offre al contempo implicazioni manageriali utili per comprendere come le imprese possano allineare e valorizzare il significato della marca tra i diversi gruppi di stakeholder.
Driving brand equity in B2B multi-stakeholder contexts
GIACOMELLI, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
In today’s highly competitive and globalized markets, firms are increasingly competing through intangible assets rather than purely functional performance. Among these, brand equity stands out as a vital source of differentiation and strategic value, shaping not only customers’ perceptions and choices but also trust, reputation, and collaborative relationships that sustain long-term success in B2B contexts. While brand equity has long been recognized as a central construct in marketing theory, its conceptualization has largely influenced consumer-focused models. Specifically, Aaker’s (1991, 1996) foundational framework provides firm-centric and end-customer-driven logic that, despite its prevalence, do not fully account for the dynamics of brand value creation in complex business-to-business (B2B) settings. Therefore, recently published reviews conclude that within industrial and global B2B realms brand equity is still fragmented across contexts with little consensus on conceptualization and measurement (Castillo-Villar & Murillo, 2025; Marvi et al., 2024). In B2B markets, brand equity emerges not solely from firm–customer interactions but through structurally embedded interactions with multiple actors, including intermediaries, different customer segments, and internally distributed organizational units. The complexity of actors will involve situations of varying levels of autonomy, misalignment of strategies and goals, or informational asymmetries that all result in tensions and opportunities for value creation (R. M. Morgan & Hunt, 1994; Tuli et al., 2007), generating tensions and opportunities that existing models have not fully addressed. This dissertation investigates how a B2B firm operating in a multi-stakeholder context can enhance its brand equity by synthesizing three interconnected empirical studies, each focusing on a different stakeholder interface. The first study analyzes the reciprocal relationship between firm and intermediary brand equities, introducing the concept of Agent Brand Equity (ABE) and drawing on Resource Dependence Theory to explain the inter-organizational negotiation and power balances based on brand value. The second study explores how actual and potential customers evaluate brand equity through distinct mechanisms, drawing on Signaling Theory (Spence, 1973) and informed by recent advances in B2B brand research (e.g., Guenther & Guenther, 2019; Rahman et al., 2018) to explain how relational proximity moderates the interpretation of brand-related cues. The third study analyzes internal brand execution across the headquarters–branch dyad, employing a distributed agency perspective to examine how brand meaning is actualized and aligned within organizational structures. Empirically grounded in a global professional equipment company who operates in B2B channels exclusively, all three studies integrated both quantitative data and qualitative data collected from multiple sources in all three studies. The findings provide reconceptualization of brand equity as a distributed and contextually embedded construct that is influenced by internal strategic agency, stakeholder heterogeneity, and power dynamics. The thesis contributes to academic literature by extending B2B brand equity theory towards a multi-level, cross-boundary, and relationally embedded conceptualization and offers managerial insights about how firms can align brand meaning across different stakeholder groups.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/255477