The durability and reliability of short fibre-reinforced polymers (SFRPs) are of growing importance in industries such as automotive engineering, where components often contain geometric discontinuities and are subjected to cyclic loading. However, the accurate prediction of fatigue behaviour remains challenging due to the material’s anisotropy and complex response to varying conditions such as fibre orientation, specimen thickness, and load ratio. This dissertation presents a methodology for predicting both static failure and fatigue life of SFRPs. While the case study is carried out on a 50% glass fibre-reinforced polyphthalamide (PA6T/6I GF50), the developed approaches are general in nature and can be applied to a wide range of SFRPs with similar microstructural features. The novelty of this work lies in bridging experimental characterisation with modelling strategies that are not limited to a single material system but provide transferable predictive tools for fibre-reinforced polymers in general. The first part of the research addresses static failure, analysing the role of stress triaxiality under different loading conditions and specimen geometries. Digital image correlation was used to validate finite element models, while fibre orientation was characterised via micro-computed tomography. It was found that neither classical isotropic nor anisotropic yield models were sufficient to define a general failure criterion. A new approach based on evaluating local triaxiality and plastic strain at the microscale was therefore proposed, yielding a geometry-independent failure curve. The second part focuses on the development of a novel fatigue parameter, Alternating Energy Density (AED), which enables thickness- and orientation-independent fatigue life predictions. Investigations across two thicknesses (1.6 mm and 3 mm), two principal orientations (0° and 90° relative to the injection moulding direction), and three load ratios (-0.5, 0.1, and 0.5) demonstrated that AED outperforms existing methods and allows a unified description of fatigue behaviour in SFRPs. The third part introduces a practical method for fatigue prediction in notched components, combining the Theory of Critical Distances (TCD) with anisotropic material modelling. Equivalent stresses at the matrix level, including von Mises and Beltrami criteria, were analysed to capture local stress states and load ratio effects near notches. This led to the construction of a master SN curve and a modified constant life diagram applicable across different geometries and loading scenarios. Collectively, this work provides a methodology for failure prediction and fatigue in SFRPs that is validated on PA6T/6I GF50 but designed for broader applicability. The outcomes offer valuable tools for the design and validation of polymer composite components in safety- and performance-critical applications.
La durabilità e l’affidabilità dei polimeri rinforzati con fibre corte (SFRPs) rivestono un’importanza crescente in settori come l’ingegneria automobilistica, dove i componenti presentano spesso discontinuità geometriche e sono soggetti a carichi ciclici. Tuttavia, la previsione accurata del comportamento a fatica rimane complessa a causa dell’anisotropia del materiale, dovuta a un variabile orientamento locale delle fibre, e della sua risposta non lineare a condizioni variabili, quali lo spessore dei provini, il rapporto di carico. Questa tesi presenta una metodologia per la previsione del cedimento statico e della vita a fatica dei SFRPs. Sebbene lo studio di caso sia stato condotto su una poliammide poliftalamidica rinforzata con il 50 % di fibre di vetro (PA6T/6I GF50), gli approcci sviluppati hanno carattere generale e possono essere applicati a un’ampia gamma di SFRPs con caratteristiche microstrutturali simili. L’originalità del lavoro risiede nel collegare la caratterizzazione sperimentale con strategie di modellazione non limitate a un singolo sistema materiale, ma capaci di fornire strumenti predittivi trasferibili per i polimeri rinforzati in generale. La prima parte della ricerca riguarda il cedimento statico, analizzando il ruolo della triassialità delle tensioni in diverse condizioni di carico e geometrie dei provini. La correlazione digitale delle immagini (DIC) è stata utilizzata per validare i modelli agli elementi finiti, mentre l’orientamento delle fibre è stato determinato tramite micro-tomografia computerizzata. È emerso che né i modelli di snervamento isotropi né quelli anisotropi classici sono sufficienti a definire un criterio generale di cedimento valido a livello di macroscala, considerando il materiale composito. È stato quindi proposto un nuovo approccio basato sulla valutazione della triassialità locale e della deformazione plastica alla microscala e quindi considerando la sola matrice che ha portato a una curva di cedimento indipendente dalla geometria. La seconda parte introduce un nuovo parametro di fatica, denominato Alternating Energy Density (AED), che consente previsioni di vita a fatica indipendenti dallo spessore e dall’orientamento. Le prove condotte su due spessori (1,6 mm e 3 mm), due orientamenti principali (0° e 90° rispetto alla direzione di stampaggio) e tre rapporti di carico (−0,5, 0,1 e 0,5) hanno dimostrato che l’AED supera i metodi esistenti e permette una descrizione unificata del comportamento a fatica dei SFRPs. La terza parte propone un metodo pratico per la previsione della fatica in componenti intagliati, combinando la Theory of Critical Distance (TCD) con una modellazione anisotropa del materiale. Le tensioni equivalenti a livello di matrice, basate sui criteri di von Mises e Beltrami, sono state analizzate per catturare gli stati di tensione locali e gli effetti del rapporto di carico in prossimità degli intagli. Ciò ha permesso di costruire una SN master curve e un diagramma di vita costante modificato, applicabili a diverse geometrie e condizioni di carico. Complessivamente, questo lavoro fornisce una metodologia per la previsione del cedimento e della fatica nei SFRPs, validata su PA6T/6I GF50 ma concepita per una più ampia applicabilità. I risultati offrono strumenti utili per la progettazione e la validazione di componenti in composito polimerico destinati ad applicazioni critiche in termini di sicurezza e prestazioni.
Failure and fatigue behaviour of short fibre reinforced polymers: a transferable predictive framework
Fiorini, Francesco
2025/2026
Abstract
The durability and reliability of short fibre-reinforced polymers (SFRPs) are of growing importance in industries such as automotive engineering, where components often contain geometric discontinuities and are subjected to cyclic loading. However, the accurate prediction of fatigue behaviour remains challenging due to the material’s anisotropy and complex response to varying conditions such as fibre orientation, specimen thickness, and load ratio. This dissertation presents a methodology for predicting both static failure and fatigue life of SFRPs. While the case study is carried out on a 50% glass fibre-reinforced polyphthalamide (PA6T/6I GF50), the developed approaches are general in nature and can be applied to a wide range of SFRPs with similar microstructural features. The novelty of this work lies in bridging experimental characterisation with modelling strategies that are not limited to a single material system but provide transferable predictive tools for fibre-reinforced polymers in general. The first part of the research addresses static failure, analysing the role of stress triaxiality under different loading conditions and specimen geometries. Digital image correlation was used to validate finite element models, while fibre orientation was characterised via micro-computed tomography. It was found that neither classical isotropic nor anisotropic yield models were sufficient to define a general failure criterion. A new approach based on evaluating local triaxiality and plastic strain at the microscale was therefore proposed, yielding a geometry-independent failure curve. The second part focuses on the development of a novel fatigue parameter, Alternating Energy Density (AED), which enables thickness- and orientation-independent fatigue life predictions. Investigations across two thicknesses (1.6 mm and 3 mm), two principal orientations (0° and 90° relative to the injection moulding direction), and three load ratios (-0.5, 0.1, and 0.5) demonstrated that AED outperforms existing methods and allows a unified description of fatigue behaviour in SFRPs. The third part introduces a practical method for fatigue prediction in notched components, combining the Theory of Critical Distances (TCD) with anisotropic material modelling. Equivalent stresses at the matrix level, including von Mises and Beltrami criteria, were analysed to capture local stress states and load ratio effects near notches. This led to the construction of a master SN curve and a modified constant life diagram applicable across different geometries and loading scenarios. Collectively, this work provides a methodology for failure prediction and fatigue in SFRPs that is validated on PA6T/6I GF50 but designed for broader applicability. The outcomes offer valuable tools for the design and validation of polymer composite components in safety- and performance-critical applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Doktorarbeit_20260312_signed.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: Thesis manuscript
Dimensione
5.11 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
5.11 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/255697