The interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been growing rapidly in the last few years, due to the technological advancements registered recently. Among them, the quick development of generative AI has captured the attention of the public for the variety of activities that it can carry out. Academic literature has grown accordingly, focusing on different aspects of AI. Within this research, the analysis focused on the implications of AI on business models. In particular, the investigation explored the energy sector, whose reliance on large amount of data creates ideal conditions for the development of digital technologies. Moreover, it is extremely important to investigate the energy sector, because it is playing a very important role in the sustainable transition, due to its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Based on these premises, an initial research allowed to identify relevant research gaps upon which the overall research is built. Even though academic literature on AI applications is extensive, and the one that tackles the impact of AI on business models is quickly growing, there is a lack of studies that merge these two concepts. At the same time, the digital transformation is affecting players operating in the energy industry, with AI at the center of this transformation. For this reason, it is fundamental to understand the challenges that companies operating in the energy industry face when implementing AI in their business model. This topic has been neglected in academic literature, which has focused on other industries, such as healthcare and finance. Considering the lack of studies specifically focusing on the energy sector, this research aims at filling this gap by answering the following question: what is the impact of AI adoption on the business model of players in the energy sector? In order to answer the question, the topic has been investigated from different perspectives, since very different players operate in the energy sector. On one hand, the digital transformation is often carried out by startups, which play a fundamental role in developing new and innovative business models. On the other hand, in the energy industry is operated by incumbents which are usually very large corporations with high organizational inertia. For this reason, one part of the research has been dedicated to the analysis of startups and another to incumbents, with the objective of drawing a complete picture of AI development and adoption in the energy sector. The topics here presented constitute the ones addressed in this dissertation, which consists of a collection of four papers that focus on the impact of AI on business models of companies operating in the energy sector. The first one is a systematic literature review on the impact of AI on business models, which constitute the basis of the overall investigation. The second paper explores AI applications for the energy sector, through a literature review which was later evaluated with the help of industry experts. The third paper investigates the perspectives of AI-native startups in the energy sector, by analyzing their business model. Finally, the last paper focuses on the adoption of AI by incumbents in Italy through the lenses of dynamic capabilities. This research is not free from limitations: the qualitative approach implemented may incur in biased results. Moreover, the analysis of incumbents is limited to Italy, since every country has specific characteristics that may affect the generalizability of results. Nonetheless, it aims at opening the discussion about the effect of AI on companies operating in the energy sector, paving the way for future research with different methodologies or larger scope.
L'interesse per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (IA) è cresciuto rapidamente negli ultimi anni, grazie ai recenti progressi tecnologici. Tra questi, il rapido sviluppo dell'IA generativa ha catturato l'attenzione del pubblico per la varietà di attività che può svolgere. La letteratura accademica è cresciuta di conseguenza, concentrandosi su diversi aspetti dell'IA. All'interno di questa ricerca, l'analisi si è concentrata sulle implicazioni dell'IA sui modelli di business. In particolare, l'indagine ha esplorato il settore energetico, la cui dipendenza da grandi quantità di dati crea condizioni ideali per lo sviluppo delle tecnologie digitali. Inoltre, è estremamente importante indagare il settore energetico, poiché sta svolgendo un ruolo molto importante nella transizione sostenibile, grazie al suo contributo alle emissioni di gas serra. Sulla base di queste premesse, una ricerca iniziale ha permesso di identificare lacune rilevanti su cui si costruisce la ricerca complessiva. Anche se la letteratura accademica sulle applicazioni dell'IA è vasta e quella che affronta l'impatto dell'IA sui modelli di business sta crescendo rapidamente, manca uno studio che unisca questi due concetti. Allo stesso tempo, la trasformazione digitale sta influenzando gli attori che operano nel settore energetico, con l'IA al centro di questa trasformazione. Per questo motivo, è fondamentale comprendere le sfide che le aziende che operano nel settore energetico affrontano nell'implementare l'IA nel loro modello di business. Questo argomento è stato trascurato nella letteratura accademica, che si è concentrata su altri settori, come la sanità e la finanza. Considerando la mancanza di studi specifici sul settore energetico, questa ricerca mira a colmare questa lacuna rispondendo alla seguente domanda: qual è l'impatto dell'adozione dell'IA sul modello di business degli attori del settore energetico? Per rispondere alla domanda, l'argomento è stato indagato da diverse prospettive, poiché operatori molto diversi operano nel settore energetico. Da un lato, la trasformazione digitale è spesso realizzata da startup, che svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nello sviluppo di nuovi e innovativi modelli di business. D'altra parte, nell'industria energetica è gestita da incumbent, che di solito sono grandi aziende con un'elevata inerzia organizzativa. Per questo motivo, una parte della ricerca è stata dedicata all'analisi delle startup e un'altra agli incumbent, con l'obiettivo di delineare un quadro completo dello sviluppo e dell'adozione dell'IA nel settore energetico. Gli argomenti qui presentati costituiscono quelli trattati in questa tesi, che consiste in una raccolta di quattro articoli che si concentrano sull'impatto dell'IA sui modelli di business delle aziende che operano nel settore energetico. La prima è una revisione sistematica della letteratura sull'impatto dell'IA sui modelli di business, che costituiscono la base dell'indagine complessiva. Il secondo articolo esplora le applicazioni dell'IA nel settore energetico, attraverso una revisione della letteratura successivamente valutata con l'aiuto di esperti del settore. Il terzo articolo indaga le prospettive delle startup native dell'IA nel settore energetico, analizzando il loro modello di business. Infine, l'ultimo articolo si concentra sull'adozione dell'IA da parte degli operatori in Italia attraverso la lente delle capacità dinamiche. Questa ricerca non è priva di limitazioni: l'approccio qualitativo implementato può portare a risultati distorti. Inoltre, l'analisi degli attuali titolari è limitata all'Italia, poiché ogni paese ha caratteristiche specifiche che possono influenzare la generalizzazione dei risultati. Tuttavia, mira ad aprire la discussione sull'effetto dell'IA sulle aziende che operano nel settore energetico, aprendo la strada a future ricerche con metodologie diverse o un ambito più ampio.
Artificial Intelligence as a driver of business model innovation: an exploratory study in the energy sector
Bonalumi, Martino
2025/2026
Abstract
The interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been growing rapidly in the last few years, due to the technological advancements registered recently. Among them, the quick development of generative AI has captured the attention of the public for the variety of activities that it can carry out. Academic literature has grown accordingly, focusing on different aspects of AI. Within this research, the analysis focused on the implications of AI on business models. In particular, the investigation explored the energy sector, whose reliance on large amount of data creates ideal conditions for the development of digital technologies. Moreover, it is extremely important to investigate the energy sector, because it is playing a very important role in the sustainable transition, due to its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Based on these premises, an initial research allowed to identify relevant research gaps upon which the overall research is built. Even though academic literature on AI applications is extensive, and the one that tackles the impact of AI on business models is quickly growing, there is a lack of studies that merge these two concepts. At the same time, the digital transformation is affecting players operating in the energy industry, with AI at the center of this transformation. For this reason, it is fundamental to understand the challenges that companies operating in the energy industry face when implementing AI in their business model. This topic has been neglected in academic literature, which has focused on other industries, such as healthcare and finance. Considering the lack of studies specifically focusing on the energy sector, this research aims at filling this gap by answering the following question: what is the impact of AI adoption on the business model of players in the energy sector? In order to answer the question, the topic has been investigated from different perspectives, since very different players operate in the energy sector. On one hand, the digital transformation is often carried out by startups, which play a fundamental role in developing new and innovative business models. On the other hand, in the energy industry is operated by incumbents which are usually very large corporations with high organizational inertia. For this reason, one part of the research has been dedicated to the analysis of startups and another to incumbents, with the objective of drawing a complete picture of AI development and adoption in the energy sector. The topics here presented constitute the ones addressed in this dissertation, which consists of a collection of four papers that focus on the impact of AI on business models of companies operating in the energy sector. The first one is a systematic literature review on the impact of AI on business models, which constitute the basis of the overall investigation. The second paper explores AI applications for the energy sector, through a literature review which was later evaluated with the help of industry experts. The third paper investigates the perspectives of AI-native startups in the energy sector, by analyzing their business model. Finally, the last paper focuses on the adoption of AI by incumbents in Italy through the lenses of dynamic capabilities. This research is not free from limitations: the qualitative approach implemented may incur in biased results. Moreover, the analysis of incumbents is limited to Italy, since every country has specific characteristics that may affect the generalizability of results. Nonetheless, it aims at opening the discussion about the effect of AI on companies operating in the energy sector, paving the way for future research with different methodologies or larger scope.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/255878