Transition metal compounds are a wide class of materials in which the interplay of many-body correlations and interactions acting across multiple energy and time scales gives rise to emergent phenomena that defy the assumptions of noninteracting electron systems and band theory. In certain cases, such quasiparticle correlations give rise to novel quantum orders and the emergence of collective excitations. These effects, together with the fragility of their complex ground states and their sensitivity to external perturbations, allow for unprecedented functionalities and tunability of these systems, making them relevant both for technological applications and for fundamental advances in modern condensed matter physics. While traditional tools for the investigation of such materials were in the static/thermodynamic regime, tunable ultrashort light pulses have now been established as a novel and exciting technique to excite and probe quantum matter, from the perturbative to the nonperturbative regime. In particular, the study of out-of-equilibrium materials has proven useful in identifying the dominant couplings that stabilize correlated ground states, often adding valuable information on their timescales, which is not accessible with steady-state probes. This thesis employs broadband time-resolved optical spectroscopy to investigate the nonequilibrium electrodynamics of selected transition metal compounds, demonstrating how ultrafast, spectrally resolved measurements provide a time-domain classification of many-body interactions. By tracking transient spectral-weight redistribution and coherent collective modes, distinct interaction channels are disentangled in different systems. In titanium nitride (TiN), defect-activated coherent zone-edge phonons uncover a significant electron-phonon coupling pathway and its impact on interband transitions. In bulk tantalum disulfide (1T-TaSe₂), broadband spectroscopy resolves the photoinduced melting of the charge-density-wave phase and the nonlinear response of its amplitude mode. In anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂), a momentum-indirect excitonic state is identified and supported by many-body calculations, time-resolved reflectivity in the deep UV with high (≈ 20 fs) temporal resolution, and time-resolved photoluminescence. Finally, a broadband, high-sensitivity magneto-optical Kerr technique based on balanced self-heterodyned detection is developed and applied to the two-dimensional antiferromagnet CrSBr, enabling reconstruction of its complex magneto-optical response. These results establish broadband time-resolved optical spectroscopy as a versatile approach to probe collective excitations and their couplings, providing insight into the equilibrium and nonequilibrium behavior of complex materials.
I composti dei metalli di transizione sono una vasta classe di materiali in cui l’interazione tra correlazioni e interazioni a molti corpi che agiscono su più scale energetiche e temporali dà origine a fenomeni emergenti che sfidano le ipotesi dei sistemi di elettroni non interagenti e della teoria delle bande. In alcuni casi, tali correlazioni di quasi-particelle danno origine a nuovi ordini quantistici e all’emergere di eccitazioni collettive. Questi effetti, insieme alla fragilità dei loro complessi stati fondamentali e alla loro sensibilità alle perturbazioni esterne, consentono funzionalità e sintonizzabilità senza precedenti di questi sistemi, rendendoli rilevanti sia per le applicazioni tecnologiche che per i progressi fondamentali nello studio dei solidi complessi. Mentre gli strumenti tradizionali per lo studio di tali materiali sono nel regime statico/termodinamico, l’uso di impulsi luminosi ultrabrevi si è ora affermato come una tecnica nuova ed entusiasmante per eccitare e sondare solidi complessi, dal regime perturbativo a quello non perturbativo. In particolare, lo studio dei materiali fuori equilibrio si è dimostrato utile per identificare gli accoppiamenti dominanti che stabilizzano gli stati fondamentali correlati, aggiungendo spesso preziose informazioni sulle loro scale temporali, che non sono accessibili con metodi allo stato stazionario. Questa tesi utilizza la spettroscopia ottica a banda larga risolta nel tempo per studiare l’elettrodinamica di non equilibrio di alcuni composti di metalli di transizione, dimostrando come misure spettro- e tempo-risolte forniscano una classificazione nel dominio del tempo delle interazioni dominanti. Tracciando la ridistribuzione transitoria dei pesi spettrali e le dinamiche oscillatori di modi collettivi coerenti, si studiano dinamiche di diversi processi in quattro sistemi differenti. Nel nitruro di titanio (TiN), l’attivazione (mediante difetti) di fononi coerenti ai margini della zona di Brillouin rivela un significativo canale di accoppiamento elettrone-fonone e il suo impatto sulle transizioni interbanda e la risposta ottica. Nel 1T-TaSe₂, la spettroscopia a banda larga risolve il melting fotoindotto della fase charge density wave e la risposta non lineare del suo modo di ampiezza. Nell’ossido di titanio (TiO₂) anatasio, viene identificato uno stato eccitonico indiretto in momento, supportato da calcoli many-body, riflettività tempo-risolta nell’UV profondo ad alta (20 fs) risoluzione temporale, e fotoluminescenza risolta nel tempo. Infine, viene sviluppata una tecnica Kerr magneto-ottica a banda larga e ad alta sensibilità basata su un metodo di detection autoeterodino bilanciato, che consente la ricostruzione della risposta magneto-ottica complessa grazie alla sensibilità di fase. Tale tecnica viene testata sul solfobromuro di cromo (CrSBr), un antiferromagnete bidimensionale. Questi risultati stabiliscono la spettroscopia ottica a banda larga tempo-risolta come approccio versatile per sondare le eccitazioni collettive e i loro accoppiamenti, fornendo informazioni sul comportamento di materiali complessi all’equilibrio e fuori equilibrio.
Dynamics of collective excitations in transition metal compounds
Iudica, Andrea
2025/2026
Abstract
Transition metal compounds are a wide class of materials in which the interplay of many-body correlations and interactions acting across multiple energy and time scales gives rise to emergent phenomena that defy the assumptions of noninteracting electron systems and band theory. In certain cases, such quasiparticle correlations give rise to novel quantum orders and the emergence of collective excitations. These effects, together with the fragility of their complex ground states and their sensitivity to external perturbations, allow for unprecedented functionalities and tunability of these systems, making them relevant both for technological applications and for fundamental advances in modern condensed matter physics. While traditional tools for the investigation of such materials were in the static/thermodynamic regime, tunable ultrashort light pulses have now been established as a novel and exciting technique to excite and probe quantum matter, from the perturbative to the nonperturbative regime. In particular, the study of out-of-equilibrium materials has proven useful in identifying the dominant couplings that stabilize correlated ground states, often adding valuable information on their timescales, which is not accessible with steady-state probes. This thesis employs broadband time-resolved optical spectroscopy to investigate the nonequilibrium electrodynamics of selected transition metal compounds, demonstrating how ultrafast, spectrally resolved measurements provide a time-domain classification of many-body interactions. By tracking transient spectral-weight redistribution and coherent collective modes, distinct interaction channels are disentangled in different systems. In titanium nitride (TiN), defect-activated coherent zone-edge phonons uncover a significant electron-phonon coupling pathway and its impact on interband transitions. In bulk tantalum disulfide (1T-TaSe₂), broadband spectroscopy resolves the photoinduced melting of the charge-density-wave phase and the nonlinear response of its amplitude mode. In anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂), a momentum-indirect excitonic state is identified and supported by many-body calculations, time-resolved reflectivity in the deep UV with high (≈ 20 fs) temporal resolution, and time-resolved photoluminescence. Finally, a broadband, high-sensitivity magneto-optical Kerr technique based on balanced self-heterodyned detection is developed and applied to the two-dimensional antiferromagnet CrSBr, enabling reconstruction of its complex magneto-optical response. These results establish broadband time-resolved optical spectroscopy as a versatile approach to probe collective excitations and their couplings, providing insight into the equilibrium and nonequilibrium behavior of complex materials.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/256038