The ever-increasing commitment of public administrations and governments towards the realization of an electric and sustainable mobility is forcing a change of perspective regarding how to put into practice this revolution. Several solutions are available on the market to support this transition, both for private mobility through passengers Electric Vehicles (EVs) and for public transportation thanks to electric Buses (e-Buses). The high variety of models and technologies allows for a rapid diffusion, ease of use and adaptability to new vehicles in terms of driving and management, if compared to conventional petrol/Diesel vehicles. However, some critical aspects are still in place, mainly due to the lack of a diffused charging infrastructure or due to a non-compliant driving style. This work inquires about the impact of operation-related dynamics on the energy consumption of EVs. The investigation is shaped according to two approaches: a model-based approach through a virtual vehicle capable to analyse all raw data coming from real operations; a Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) approach through a dedicated driving simulator developed on purpose and capable to acquire all input driving data -- such as steering and pedals input -- and outputs relevant quantities like battery amount and driving speed in time. Driving sessions were scheduled in three different moments of the day -- morning, lunchtime and evening. Driving sessions were deployed both for conventional passengers EVs and for e-Bus. Different test-drivers were recruited to perform the driving activity onto selected routes, urban and mixed urban-suburban paths, for EVs; a professional bus driver was recruited to perform driving sessions along the bus route featured by the highest registered energy consumption values. Results helped to discover different gender-based patterns throughout daily driving sessions for EVs, with males tending to increase the consumption by +8\% at the end of a normal working day, and the effect of meal on the driving was also evaluated. For what concerns the professional bus driver, the results confirmed that dedicated training sessions to gain confidence with the new traction in the context of the energy transition are also positive for LPT operators, with undue extra-consumptions reduced by -50\%.
Il crescente interesse mostrato da amministrazioni pubbliche e governi verso la costituzione di una mobilità sostenibile sta inducendo un cambio di prospettiva rispetto a come realizzare questa rivoluzione. Diverse soluzioni rese disponibili sul mercato sono in grado di accompagnare questa fase di transizione, sia per quanto concerne la mobilità privata, sia per il trasporto pubblico grazie a Veicoli Elettrici (EVs) di uso passeggeri e a Bus elettrici (e-Bus). La grande varietà di tipologie e la disponibilità di nuove tecnologie ne permettono una rapida diffusione, facilità di utilizzo e di adattabilità al nuovo paradigma. Tuttavia, permangono alcuni aspetti critici, in massima parte dovuti ad una carente diffusione di infrastruttura di ricarica e ad uno stile di guida non compatibile. Questo lavoro di tesi si pone di indagare l'impatto delle dinamiche operative di esercizio sul consumo energetico dei veicoli elettrici. Ciò si è basato adottando due approcci distinti: un approccio modellistico basato sullo sviluppo di un veicolo virtuale in grado di analizzare i dati grezzi di marcia provenienti da uso in casi reali; un approccio basato su Realtà Virtuale/Aumentata (VR/AR) grazie ad un simulatore di guida dedicato e sviluppato appositamente per i veicoli elettrici e in grado di acquisire tutti i dati di input -- angoli volante e pedali -- e le grandezze fisiche di output come velocità di marcia e contenuto energetico della batteria. Grazie all'uso di questo simulatore, è stato possibile programmare le sessioni di guida in tre momenti diversi della giornata lavorativa tipica -- mattina, post-prandiale e serale -- per entrambe le tipologie di veicolo considerate. Diversi test-driver sono stati selezionati per le sessioni di guida simulata per EV lungo scenari predefiniti, urbano e misto urbano-suburbano; un autista professionista è stato invece coinvolto per effettuare sessioni di guida lungo una linea autobus elettrificata caratterizzata da alti consumi energetici registrati. I risultati raggiunti hanno contribuito a scoprire diverse tendenze nella variazione del consumo giornaliero basate sugli effetti digestivi del pranzo e differenze di genere: i guidatori maschili tendono a consumare maggiormente al termine di un giorno lavorativo con un incremento dell'8% rispetto alle attività mattutine. Per quanto concerne il caso e-Bus, i risultati confermano che l'effettuare sessioni di guida dedicate per l'addestramento all'uso del mezzo full-electric contribuisce a ridurre del 50% la variabilità del consumo sulla stessa linea, migliorando la padronanza e la gestione della trazione elettrica nel contesto della transizione energetica.
Fleet management 5.0 in sustainable mobility: implementation, validation, and planning optimization
Di Martino, Andrea
2025/2026
Abstract
The ever-increasing commitment of public administrations and governments towards the realization of an electric and sustainable mobility is forcing a change of perspective regarding how to put into practice this revolution. Several solutions are available on the market to support this transition, both for private mobility through passengers Electric Vehicles (EVs) and for public transportation thanks to electric Buses (e-Buses). The high variety of models and technologies allows for a rapid diffusion, ease of use and adaptability to new vehicles in terms of driving and management, if compared to conventional petrol/Diesel vehicles. However, some critical aspects are still in place, mainly due to the lack of a diffused charging infrastructure or due to a non-compliant driving style. This work inquires about the impact of operation-related dynamics on the energy consumption of EVs. The investigation is shaped according to two approaches: a model-based approach through a virtual vehicle capable to analyse all raw data coming from real operations; a Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) approach through a dedicated driving simulator developed on purpose and capable to acquire all input driving data -- such as steering and pedals input -- and outputs relevant quantities like battery amount and driving speed in time. Driving sessions were scheduled in three different moments of the day -- morning, lunchtime and evening. Driving sessions were deployed both for conventional passengers EVs and for e-Bus. Different test-drivers were recruited to perform the driving activity onto selected routes, urban and mixed urban-suburban paths, for EVs; a professional bus driver was recruited to perform driving sessions along the bus route featured by the highest registered energy consumption values. Results helped to discover different gender-based patterns throughout daily driving sessions for EVs, with males tending to increase the consumption by +8\% at the end of a normal working day, and the effect of meal on the driving was also evaluated. For what concerns the professional bus driver, the results confirmed that dedicated training sessions to gain confidence with the new traction in the context of the energy transition are also positive for LPT operators, with undue extra-consumptions reduced by -50\%.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/257499