Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings designed before modern seismic codes often suffer from low ductility and poor energy dissipation, making them vulnerable to earthquakes. Strengthening with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials offers a lightweight and effective means to enhance strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity. This study presents a detailed nonlinear numerical assessment of the seismic performance of a mid-rise RC moment-resisting frame representative of Italian buildings from the late 1990s, evaluated before and after FRP retrofitting. Two archetypes were developed: (i) a bare frame, designed under gravity and reduced lateral loads (≈70% of current seismic demand) following *D.M. 16/01/1996*, and (ii) a retrofitted frame, strengthened with FRP laminates on beams and FRP wraps on columns. The FRP systems were proportioned to restore members’ design-capacity ratios (DCRs) to unity under full seismic demand, following CNR-DT 200 R1/2013 and ACI 440.2R-17 provisions. The analysis was performed using OpenSees, employing a custom ConfinedConcrete model from the OpenSees House platform to represent FRP confinement effects and realistic stress–strain relations. A two-stage analysis procedure was adopted. First, static pushover analyses established the base-shear–drift relationship and global inelastic behavior. Then, nonlinear dynamic analyses using 22 pairs of real ground-motion records assessed record-to-record variability at 0.67DBE, 1.0DBE, and 1.5DBE intensity levels. All analyses used uniform excitation, Rayleigh damping (5% critical), and Hughes–Taylor constant-acceleration integration with automated convergence control. Pushover analysis showed that the bare frame reached its strength peak (V/W = 0.62) at 0.6% drift, followed by rapid degradation and limited residual capacity. The retrofitted frame exhibited higher strength (V/W = 0.68), delayed softening, and substantial residual capacity (V/W = 0.52) at 5% drift. The area under the pushover curve—indicating energy absorption—nearly doubled after retrofitting, confirming that FRP confinement and flexural enhancement effectively delayed crushing and softening. Dynamic analysis results revealed that both frames experienced similar maximum interstory drift (~2.5%) at 0.67DBE, but their drift distributions differed. The bare frame developed drift concentration at the fourth story, while the retrofitted frame maintained a uniform drift profile. At 1.0DBE and 1.5DBE, peak drifts reached 4.3% and 6.2% for the bare frame, and 3.3% and 4.2% for the retrofitted frame, indicating a 30–35% drift reduction and delayed onset of second-order (P–Δ) effects. At the member level, beam ductility ratios increased significantly—by over 200%—showing improved rebar utilization and hysteretic behavior. Column ductility ratios, in contrast, became more uniform and slightly lower, indicating delayed yielding and suppression of localized plasticity. The inelastic response shifted from brittle and concentrated to gradual and ductile, demonstrating enhanced global deformation capacity. Energy-based indicators further confirmed these improvements. Beam energy contributions rose from 8% to 13%, while column contributions increased from 6% to nearly 25%, indicating more balanced energy dissipation between vertical and horizontal members. This redistribution reflects the FRP’s effectiveness in promoting stable energy absorption mechanisms across the structure. Overall, FRP retrofitting markedly improved the strength, ductility, and stability of the existing RC frame, reduced drift concentration, and enhanced energy dissipation. Although the retrofitted frame slightly exceeded the Eurocode 8 allowable drift limit (≈2%) at design-basis intensity, its residual strength and deformation capacity remained well above the 0.05 collapse threshold, demonstrating reliable performance up to near-collapse scenarios. The results confirm that fiber-based nonlinear modeling, combined with performance-based evaluation, provides an efficient framework for predicting and optimizing FRP seismic rehabilitation of deficient RC buildings.
Edifici in calcestruzzo armato (RC) progettati prima dell’introduzione delle moderne norme sismiche mostrano spesso una bassa duttilità e una scarsa capacità di dissipare energia, rendendoli vulnerabili ai terremoti. Il rinforzo mediante **materiali fibrorinforzati a matrice polimerica (FRP)** rappresenta una soluzione leggera ed efficace per migliorare la resistenza, la rigidezza e la capacità deformativa delle strutture. Il presente studio propone una dettagliata **analisi numerica non lineare** delle prestazioni sismiche di un telaio a momento in calcestruzzo armato di media altezza, rappresentativo degli edifici italiani della fine degli anni ’90, valutato **prima e dopo l’intervento di rinforzo con FRP**. Sono stati sviluppati due archetipi strutturali: (i) un **telaio non rinforzato**, progettato secondo il *D.M. 16/01/1996* per carichi gravitazionali e sismici ridotti (≈70% della domanda sismica attuale), e (ii) un **telaio rinforzato**, in cui travi e colonne sono state rispettivamente dotate di laminati e fasce in FRP. I sistemi FRP sono stati dimensionati per riportare i rapporti di capacità di progetto (DCR) dei singoli elementi a unità sotto la piena domanda sismica, in accordo con le linee guida **CNR-DT 200 R1/2013** e **ACI 440.2R-17**. Le analisi sono state eseguite con **OpenSees**, impiegando un modello di materiale *ConfinedConcrete* personalizzato, sviluppato all’interno della piattaforma OpenSees House, per rappresentare gli effetti del confinamento FRP e le realistiche relazioni sforzo-deformazione dei materiali. È stata adottata una **procedura di analisi in due fasi**. In primo luogo, l’**analisi statica pushover** ha consentito di definire la relazione tra taglio di base e drift globale, nonché di individuare il comportamento inelastico complessivo. Successivamente, un’**analisi dinamica non lineare** è stata condotta su **22 coppie di accelerogrammi reali**, scalati a tre livelli di intensità: 0.67DBE, 1.0DBE e 1.5DBE. Tutte le analisi hanno impiegato eccitazione uniforme, smorzamento di Rayleigh (5% critico) e integrazione con schema di accelerazione costante di Hughes–Taylor, supportata da un controllo automatico della convergenza. L’**analisi pushover** ha mostrato che il telaio non rinforzato raggiunge il picco di resistenza (V/W = 0.62) a uno spostamento di piano del 0.6%, seguito da un rapido degrado e da una capacità residua limitata. Il telaio rinforzato ha evidenziato una resistenza maggiore (V/W = 0.68), un ritardo nell’ammorbidimento e una capacità residua significativa (V/W = 0.52) a un drift del 5%. L’area sotto la curva pushover—indicativa dell’energia assorbita—è quasi raddoppiata dopo il rinforzo, confermando che il confinamento e il potenziamento flessionale forniti dall’FRP ritardano efficacemente la frantumazione e la perdita di rigidezza. I risultati dell’**analisi dinamica** hanno mostrato che entrambi i telai presentano un drift inter-piano massimo simile (~2.5%) al livello 0.67DBE, ma con distribuzioni diverse: il telaio non rinforzato ha concentrato le deformazioni al quarto piano, mentre quello rinforzato ha mantenuto un profilo di drift più uniforme. A intensità maggiori, i drift medi massimi hanno raggiunto il 4.3% e il 6.2% per il telaio non rinforzato, e il 3.3% e il 4.2% per quello rinforzato, evidenziando una **riduzione del drift del 30–35%** e un ritardo negli effetti del secondo ordine (P–Δ). A livello di elemento, i **rapporti di duttilità delle travi** sono aumentati di oltre il 200%, dimostrando un miglior sfruttamento delle armature e un comportamento isteretico più stabile. I **rapporti di duttilità delle colonne**, invece, sono risultati più uniformi e leggermente inferiori, indicando un ritardo della snervatura e la riduzione della plasticizzazione localizzata. La risposta globale è così passata da fragile e concentrata a graduale e duttile, con maggiore capacità deformativa complessiva. Gli **indicatori energetici** hanno confermato tali miglioramenti: la quota di energia dissipata dalle travi è passata dall’8% al 13%, mentre quella delle colonne è aumentata dal 6% a circa il 25%, segnalando una dissipazione più equilibrata tra membri verticali e orizzontali. In sintesi, il rinforzo con FRP ha migliorato in modo significativo la **resistenza, la duttilità e la stabilità** del telaio RC esistente, riducendo la concentrazione dei drift e aumentando la capacità di dissipazione energetica. Sebbene il telaio rinforzato superi lievemente il limite di drift ammissibile dell’**Eurocodice 8** (≈2%) a livello di progetto, la sua capacità residua e deformativa resta ben al di sopra della soglia di collasso (0.05), dimostrando una prestazione sicura fino a scenari prossimi al collasso. I risultati confermano che la **modellazione non lineare a fibre**, integrata con la **valutazione prestazionale**, rappresenta un quadro affidabile ed efficiente per prevedere e ottimizzare la riabilitazione sismica con FRP di edifici RC carenti.
Seismic performance evaluation of an irregular RC moment frame structure retrofitted with FRP
Karami, Armin
2025/2026
Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings designed before modern seismic codes often suffer from low ductility and poor energy dissipation, making them vulnerable to earthquakes. Strengthening with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials offers a lightweight and effective means to enhance strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity. This study presents a detailed nonlinear numerical assessment of the seismic performance of a mid-rise RC moment-resisting frame representative of Italian buildings from the late 1990s, evaluated before and after FRP retrofitting. Two archetypes were developed: (i) a bare frame, designed under gravity and reduced lateral loads (≈70% of current seismic demand) following *D.M. 16/01/1996*, and (ii) a retrofitted frame, strengthened with FRP laminates on beams and FRP wraps on columns. The FRP systems were proportioned to restore members’ design-capacity ratios (DCRs) to unity under full seismic demand, following CNR-DT 200 R1/2013 and ACI 440.2R-17 provisions. The analysis was performed using OpenSees, employing a custom ConfinedConcrete model from the OpenSees House platform to represent FRP confinement effects and realistic stress–strain relations. A two-stage analysis procedure was adopted. First, static pushover analyses established the base-shear–drift relationship and global inelastic behavior. Then, nonlinear dynamic analyses using 22 pairs of real ground-motion records assessed record-to-record variability at 0.67DBE, 1.0DBE, and 1.5DBE intensity levels. All analyses used uniform excitation, Rayleigh damping (5% critical), and Hughes–Taylor constant-acceleration integration with automated convergence control. Pushover analysis showed that the bare frame reached its strength peak (V/W = 0.62) at 0.6% drift, followed by rapid degradation and limited residual capacity. The retrofitted frame exhibited higher strength (V/W = 0.68), delayed softening, and substantial residual capacity (V/W = 0.52) at 5% drift. The area under the pushover curve—indicating energy absorption—nearly doubled after retrofitting, confirming that FRP confinement and flexural enhancement effectively delayed crushing and softening. Dynamic analysis results revealed that both frames experienced similar maximum interstory drift (~2.5%) at 0.67DBE, but their drift distributions differed. The bare frame developed drift concentration at the fourth story, while the retrofitted frame maintained a uniform drift profile. At 1.0DBE and 1.5DBE, peak drifts reached 4.3% and 6.2% for the bare frame, and 3.3% and 4.2% for the retrofitted frame, indicating a 30–35% drift reduction and delayed onset of second-order (P–Δ) effects. At the member level, beam ductility ratios increased significantly—by over 200%—showing improved rebar utilization and hysteretic behavior. Column ductility ratios, in contrast, became more uniform and slightly lower, indicating delayed yielding and suppression of localized plasticity. The inelastic response shifted from brittle and concentrated to gradual and ductile, demonstrating enhanced global deformation capacity. Energy-based indicators further confirmed these improvements. Beam energy contributions rose from 8% to 13%, while column contributions increased from 6% to nearly 25%, indicating more balanced energy dissipation between vertical and horizontal members. This redistribution reflects the FRP’s effectiveness in promoting stable energy absorption mechanisms across the structure. Overall, FRP retrofitting markedly improved the strength, ductility, and stability of the existing RC frame, reduced drift concentration, and enhanced energy dissipation. Although the retrofitted frame slightly exceeded the Eurocode 8 allowable drift limit (≈2%) at design-basis intensity, its residual strength and deformation capacity remained well above the 0.05 collapse threshold, demonstrating reliable performance up to near-collapse scenarios. The results confirm that fiber-based nonlinear modeling, combined with performance-based evaluation, provides an efficient framework for predicting and optimizing FRP seismic rehabilitation of deficient RC buildings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Seismic Performance Evaluation of an Irregular RC Moment Frame Structure Retrofitted with FRP.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/258197