Industrial symbiosis (IS) refers to the collaboration between firms to exchange by-products, resources, and waste. Traditional mechanisms are necessary for the implementation of IS initiatives, and they are based on trust, long-term relationships and geographical proximity. However, the emergence of digital technologies is influencing how IS emerges, develops, and scales. Therefore, this study investigates the role of digital technologies in enabling IS and identifies the factors that influence their adoption. It also explores the conditions under which an IS initiative can operate successfully without the support of digital tools. The research adopted a mixed approach: first, a systematic literature review was conducted to examine the existing knowledge on IS and the digital technologies used in this field. This helped with the identification of European IS real cases and the subsequent creation of a European database for assessing the current level of digitalisation. The most relevant IS cases were then selected from the database with a focus on Italy and Northern Europe, including both successful and failed initiatives. Nineteen of these initiatives were then selected, analysed, and compared to achieve the thesis’s goal. The findings emphasise the benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of digital technologies and identify the most efficient IS configuration: the hybrid method, which combines technological capabilities with human expertise and relationship-building skills. Furthermore, this research improved the understanding of the governance structures and decision-making processes within IS initiatives by clarifying the emergence of planned and facilitated governance configurations, and emphasising the mixed nature of decisional procedures. It also identified three paradoxes revealing inconsistencies between existing literature and empirical evidence: the trust paradox, the sector-specific paradox and the institutional trust paradox. These findings increase awareness of digital transformation in IS and provide theoretical and practical contributions to the achievement of sustainable and effective IS initiatives.
La simbiosi industriale (SI) indica la collaborazione tra imprese per lo scambio di sottoprodotti, risorse e rifiuti. Per l’implementazione di iniziative di SI sono necessari meccanismi tradizionali, basati sulla fiducia, sulle relazioni a lungo termine e sulla vicinanza geografica. Tuttavia, l’emergere delle tecnologie digitali sta influenzando il modo in cui la SI nasce, si sviluppa e si espande. Pertanto, il seguente studio analizza il ruolo delle tecnologie digitali nel favorire la SI e individua i fattori che ne influenzano l'adozione. Esplora inoltre le condizioni alle quali un'iniziativa di SI può operare senza il supporto di strumenti digitali. La ricerca ha adottato un approccio metodologico misto: in primo luogo, è stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura per esaminare le conoscenze esistenti sulla SI e sulle tecnologie digitali utilizzate in questo campo. Ciò ha contribuito all’identificazione di casi di SI europei e alla creazione di un database per valutarne il livello di digitalizzazione. I casi di SI più rilevanti sono stati successivamente selezionati focalizzandosi sull’Italia e sul Nord Europa, includendo sia iniziative di successo che fallite. Diciannove iniziative sono state poi selezionate, analizzate e confrontate per raggiungere l'obiettivo della tesi. I risultati evidenziano i vantaggi e le sfide legati all’adozione delle tecnologie digitali e identificano la configurazione di SI più efficiente: il metodo ibrido, che combina capacità tecnologiche, competenze umane e relazionali. Inoltre, questa ricerca ha migliorato la comprensione delle strutture di gestione e dei processi decisionali nelle iniziative di SI, chiarendo l’emergere di configurazioni di gestione pianificate e facilitate e sottolineando la natura mista delle procedure decisionali. Lo studio ha anche identificato tre paradossi che rivelano incongruenze tra la letteratura esistente e le evidenze empiriche: il paradosso della fiducia, settoriale e della fiducia istituzionale. Questi risultati aumentano la conoscenza sulla trasformazione digitale nella SI e forniscono contributi teorici e pratici al raggiungimento di iniziative di SI sostenibili ed efficaci.
Comparing analog and digital industrial symbiosis: understanding what matters most
Tumino, Alessia
2025/2026
Abstract
Industrial symbiosis (IS) refers to the collaboration between firms to exchange by-products, resources, and waste. Traditional mechanisms are necessary for the implementation of IS initiatives, and they are based on trust, long-term relationships and geographical proximity. However, the emergence of digital technologies is influencing how IS emerges, develops, and scales. Therefore, this study investigates the role of digital technologies in enabling IS and identifies the factors that influence their adoption. It also explores the conditions under which an IS initiative can operate successfully without the support of digital tools. The research adopted a mixed approach: first, a systematic literature review was conducted to examine the existing knowledge on IS and the digital technologies used in this field. This helped with the identification of European IS real cases and the subsequent creation of a European database for assessing the current level of digitalisation. The most relevant IS cases were then selected from the database with a focus on Italy and Northern Europe, including both successful and failed initiatives. Nineteen of these initiatives were then selected, analysed, and compared to achieve the thesis’s goal. The findings emphasise the benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of digital technologies and identify the most efficient IS configuration: the hybrid method, which combines technological capabilities with human expertise and relationship-building skills. Furthermore, this research improved the understanding of the governance structures and decision-making processes within IS initiatives by clarifying the emergence of planned and facilitated governance configurations, and emphasising the mixed nature of decisional procedures. It also identified three paradoxes revealing inconsistencies between existing literature and empirical evidence: the trust paradox, the sector-specific paradox and the institutional trust paradox. These findings increase awareness of digital transformation in IS and provide theoretical and practical contributions to the achievement of sustainable and effective IS initiatives.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Tumino_Thesis.pdf
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Descrizione: Thesis
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2026_07_Tumino_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/259578