This thesis addresses the issue of habitability in the high density urban contexts of Cairo, a metropolis that today exemplifies the tensions between demographic growth, climate crisis, and social inequalities. The Egyptian capital, with its uncontrolled expansion and new desert neighborhoods, has become the reflection of a fragmented urban system, where modernization ambitions coexist with conditions of extreme vulnerability. On the outskirts of the city lie the ashwaiat, informal settlements that have grown spontaneously and incrementally, lacking basic services and adequate infrastructure, yet simultaneously inhabited by a collective vitality that compensates for the shortcomings of the State. In this scenario, the Ring Road represents a tangible boundary line between two urban realities: on one side, the planned and visible city; on the other, its informal and hidden counterpart. Along this infrastructure align multistory buildings made of reinforced concrete and brick infill, often unfinished and incomplete. The construction of these buildings follows a complex dynamic: while the load bearing skeletons and basic utilities are built by small entrepreneurs, it is the families living in them who progressively complete the spaces, customizing the details in the absence of strict regulations. These structures, born from an economy of necessity, embody the contradiction between the solidity of the structural framework and the fragility of daily living, offering a privileged vantage point to reflect on the relationship between urban form, social conditions, and climate adaptation. The thesis is situated in this context as a reflection on the role of design in regenerating the existing fabric, proposing an approach that does not involve demolitions or replacements, but rather progressive, accessible transformation processes rooted in local construction knowledge. The goal is to reinterpret, in a contemporary key, the climatic and social principles of Egyptian vernacular architecture, such as natural ventilation, shading, thermal mass, and the use of local materials, to restore livability and housing quality for those living in the most vulnerable settlements. The first part of the work reconstructs the urban and environmental framework of contemporary Cairo, analyzing the expansion logics that generated the ashwaiat, the progressive marginalization of the working classes, and the role of the Ring Road. Originally conceived as an indispensable infrastructural solution to relieve collapsing urban traffic, this artery has progressively guided territorial expansion, leading to the redefinition of the new margins of the city. This analysis is accompanied by an examination of traditional construction techniques and the climatic principles of vernacular architecture, not as models to imitate, but as a repertoire of environmental and social strategies capable of inspiring new forms of resilient living. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the buildings facing the Ring Road, observing them as incomplete yet potentially adaptive organisms. Their marginal position, suspended between the public space of the street and the private dimension of dwelling, makes them privileged sites for experimenting with regeneration strategies capable of reconciling climatic comfort, protection, and social value. The project starts from this threshold to develop a climatic retrofit method articulated on two levels: the first identifies a series of operational strategies, such as shading, natural ventilation, and the use of materials with low embodied energy, to improve the passive performance of facades and roofs; the second level translates these strategies into a standard building design, applying these principles through low-tech and cost-effective solutions based on local materials and basic construction techniques, designed to be implemented and maintained by the inhabitants themselves. The result is an intervention proposal that combines environmental efficiency, economic sustainability, and social inclusion, offering a possible alternative to the logics of rapid and unplanned urbanization. The underlying idea is that the right to a healthy and dignified living environment should not be a privilege, but a universal condition. Regenerating, in this sense, means transforming the limits of the existing environment into resources, restoring value and life to what today appears marginal and incomplete.
La presente tesi affronta il tema dell’abitabilità nei contesti urbani ad alta densità del Cairo, una metropoli che oggi manifesta in modo esemplare le tensioni tra crescita demografica, crisi climatica e disuguaglianze sociali. La capitale egiziana, con la sua espansione incontrollata e i suoi nuovi quartieri nel deserto, è divenuta il riflesso di un sistema urbano frammentato, dove le ambizioni di modernizzazione convivono con condizioni di estrema vulnerabilità. Ai margini della città si estendono le ashwaiat, quartieri informali cresciuti in modo spontaneo e incrementale, privi di servizi di base e di infrastrutture adeguate, ma al tempo stesso abitati da una vitalità collettiva che supplisce alle mancanze dello Stato. In questo scenario, la Ring Road rappresenta una linea di confine tangibile tra due realtà urbane: da un lato la città pianificata e visibile, dall’altro la sua controparte informale e nascosta. Lungo questa infrastruttura si allineano edifici multipiano in cemento armato e tamponamenti in laterizio, spesso privi di finiture e incompleti. La costruzione di questi edifici segue una dinamica complessa: mentre gli scheletri portanti e le dotazioni impiantistiche di base vengono realizzati da piccoli imprenditori, sono le famiglie che li abitano a occuparsi del loro completamento progressivo, personalizzando i dettagli degli spazi in assenza di regole precise. Queste strutture, nate da un’economia di necessità, incarnano la contraddizione tra la solidità della struttura portante e la fragilità dell’abitare quotidiano, e offrono un osservatorio privilegiato per riflettere sul rapporto tra forma urbana, condizioni sociali e adattamento climatico. La tesi si colloca in questo contesto come una riflessione sul ruolo del progetto nella rigenerazione dell’esistente, proponendo un approccio che non prevede demolizioni o sostituzioni, ma processi di trasformazione progressiva, accessibili e radicati nel sapere costruttivo locale. L’obiettivo è quello di reinterpretare, in chiave contemporanea, i principi climatici e sociali dell’architettura vernacolare egiziana, come la ventilazione naturale, l’ombreggiamento, la massa termica e l’uso dei materiali locali, per restituire la vivibilità e la qualità dell’abitare a chi vive negli insediamenti più vulnerabili. La prima parte del lavoro ricostruisce il quadro urbano e ambientale del Cairo contemporaneo, analizzando le logiche di espansione che hanno generato le ashwaiat, la progressiva marginalizzazione delle classi popolari e il ruolo della Ring Road. Nata come soluzione infrastrutturale indispensabile per decongestionare la viabilità urbana ormai al collasso, questa arteria ha progressivamente guidato l’espansione territoriale, portando alla ridefinizione dei nuovi margini della città. A questa lettura si affianca l’analisi delle tecniche costruttive tradizionali e dei principi climatici dell’architettura vernacolare, non come modelli da imitare ma come repertorio di strategie ambientali e sociali capaci di ispirare nuove forme di abitare resiliente. Successivamente, la tesi si concentra sugli edifici affacciati sulla Ring Road, osservandoli come organismi incompiuti e allo stesso tempo potenzialmente adattivi. La loro posizione marginale, sospesa tra lo spazio pubblico della strada e la dimensione privata dell’abitare, li rende luoghi privilegiati per sperimentare strategie di rigenerazione capaci di conciliare benessere climatico, protezione e valore sociale. Il progetto parte da questa soglia per sviluppare un metodo di retrofit climatico articolato su due livelli: il primo individua una serie di strategie operative, quali l’ombreggiamento, la ventilazione naturale e l’uso di materiali a bassa energia incorporata, per migliorare le prestazioni passive delle facciate e delle coperture; il secondo livello traduce queste strategie in un progetto di edificio-tipo, che applica tali principi attraverso soluzioni low-tech e cost-effective basate su materiali locali e tecniche costruttive semplici, pensate per essere realizzate e mantenute dagli abitanti stessi. Il risultato è una proposta di intervento che coniuga efficienza ambientale, sostenibilità economica e inclusione sociale, offrendo una possibile alternativa alle logiche dell’urbanizzazione rapida e non pianificata. L’idea alla base è che il diritto a un abitare sano e dignitoso non debba essere un privilegio, ma una condizione universale. Rigenerare, in questo senso, significa trasformare i limiti dell’esistente in risorse, restituendo valore e vita a ciò che oggi appare marginale e incompiuto.
Progettare sull'esistente: rigenerazione climatica e sociale negli insediamenti informali del Cairo
Bonaiti, Anna
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis addresses the issue of habitability in the high density urban contexts of Cairo, a metropolis that today exemplifies the tensions between demographic growth, climate crisis, and social inequalities. The Egyptian capital, with its uncontrolled expansion and new desert neighborhoods, has become the reflection of a fragmented urban system, where modernization ambitions coexist with conditions of extreme vulnerability. On the outskirts of the city lie the ashwaiat, informal settlements that have grown spontaneously and incrementally, lacking basic services and adequate infrastructure, yet simultaneously inhabited by a collective vitality that compensates for the shortcomings of the State. In this scenario, the Ring Road represents a tangible boundary line between two urban realities: on one side, the planned and visible city; on the other, its informal and hidden counterpart. Along this infrastructure align multistory buildings made of reinforced concrete and brick infill, often unfinished and incomplete. The construction of these buildings follows a complex dynamic: while the load bearing skeletons and basic utilities are built by small entrepreneurs, it is the families living in them who progressively complete the spaces, customizing the details in the absence of strict regulations. These structures, born from an economy of necessity, embody the contradiction between the solidity of the structural framework and the fragility of daily living, offering a privileged vantage point to reflect on the relationship between urban form, social conditions, and climate adaptation. The thesis is situated in this context as a reflection on the role of design in regenerating the existing fabric, proposing an approach that does not involve demolitions or replacements, but rather progressive, accessible transformation processes rooted in local construction knowledge. The goal is to reinterpret, in a contemporary key, the climatic and social principles of Egyptian vernacular architecture, such as natural ventilation, shading, thermal mass, and the use of local materials, to restore livability and housing quality for those living in the most vulnerable settlements. The first part of the work reconstructs the urban and environmental framework of contemporary Cairo, analyzing the expansion logics that generated the ashwaiat, the progressive marginalization of the working classes, and the role of the Ring Road. Originally conceived as an indispensable infrastructural solution to relieve collapsing urban traffic, this artery has progressively guided territorial expansion, leading to the redefinition of the new margins of the city. This analysis is accompanied by an examination of traditional construction techniques and the climatic principles of vernacular architecture, not as models to imitate, but as a repertoire of environmental and social strategies capable of inspiring new forms of resilient living. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the buildings facing the Ring Road, observing them as incomplete yet potentially adaptive organisms. Their marginal position, suspended between the public space of the street and the private dimension of dwelling, makes them privileged sites for experimenting with regeneration strategies capable of reconciling climatic comfort, protection, and social value. The project starts from this threshold to develop a climatic retrofit method articulated on two levels: the first identifies a series of operational strategies, such as shading, natural ventilation, and the use of materials with low embodied energy, to improve the passive performance of facades and roofs; the second level translates these strategies into a standard building design, applying these principles through low-tech and cost-effective solutions based on local materials and basic construction techniques, designed to be implemented and maintained by the inhabitants themselves. The result is an intervention proposal that combines environmental efficiency, economic sustainability, and social inclusion, offering a possible alternative to the logics of rapid and unplanned urbanization. The underlying idea is that the right to a healthy and dignified living environment should not be a privilege, but a universal condition. Regenerating, in this sense, means transforming the limits of the existing environment into resources, restoring value and life to what today appears marginal and incomplete.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Bonaiti.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/259818