Wastewater treatment (WWT) represents one of the prominent challenges of the XXI century, as confirmed by the United Nation Sustainable Development Goal 6, which aims at ensuring clean water and enhancing global resilience to climate change. Traditional WWT technologies are inadequate to effectively remove heavy metals and micropollutants of emerging concern, thus fostering the need for innovative solutions. In this thesis, the combination of partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and TiO2 in a composite material was explored for WWT applications. Reduced graphene oxide is known for its adsorption properties toward both metal ions and organic molecules. TiO2 is the photocatalytic material par excellence for environmental purposes. However, the real application of TiO2 for contaminants photodegradation is still hindered by its large bandgap, which requires UV light for photocatalysis, and by its predominant use in the form of nanopowder, which poses potential hazards to human health related to the dispersion of nanosized materials into the environment. The combination of rGO and TiO2 provides multiple advantages. Thanks to its graphene-like electronic structure, rGO can reduce TiO2 bandgap, possibly harvesting visible light for photocatalysis, and can promote the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, improving the overall photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, rGO exhibits self-assembly properties, which allow the immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles and facilitate material recovery after use. In this thesis, rGO and TiO2 were combined to produce two distinct objects: a composite rGO-TiO2 membrane and a polyurethane foam with a composite rGO-TiO2 coating, integrating in the same material the dual functionality of adsorbent and photocatalyst. In both cases, rGO self-assembling properties were exploited to develop simple and reproducible preparation procedures, involving mild temperature and pressure conditions and commercial low-toxic reagents. The obtained materials were characterized by optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, XRD, IR, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Composite membranes were prepared with an rGO:TiO2 = 1:1 mass ratio. They were tested for the removal of Fe3+ and Cu2+ and for the adsorption and UV-photodegradation of the organic pesticide imidacloprid. As regards polyurethane foams, three coating formulations with rGO:TiO2 mass ratios equal to 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 were prepared. Coated foams were employed in Rhodamine B removal experiments, assessing the materials decontamination properties both in dark and UV-Vis light conditions. The coating composition showing the best combined adsorption and photodegradation performance was selected for further investigation aimed at WWT applications. Coated foams were tested for the removal of more representative pollutants, classified as contaminants of emerging concern, namely the drug ibuprofen and the fungicides imazalil and pyrimethanil. A desorption protocol in ethanol was developed to disentangle the adsorption and photocatalysis contributions, allowing to estimate the photodegradation efficiency for the three contaminants. Results were corroborated by reusability tests with five cycles of subsequent use and desorption steps. Coated foams were also employed in continuous flow decontamination experiments, which were performed in dark conditions and under UV illumination, considering a contaminated solution volume of 13.5 L. In a circular economy perspective, rGO and TiO2 were tentatively replaced by waste-derived components in the preparation of composite membranes. Tionite, a waste material containing a residual amount of TiO2, was employed to obtain rGO-tionite membranes (rGO:tionite = 1:1 mass ratio), which were tested for the adsorption of Fe3+ and Cu2+ and for the combined adsorption and photodegradation of imidacloprid. Reduced graphene oxide was instead partially substituted by waste-derived biochar, considering biochar mass content ranging from 50% to 90%. Adsorption properties of biochar-containing membranes were assessed by filtration experiments of Cu2+ and Zn2+.
Il trattamento delle acque reflue rappresenta una delle sfide principali del XXI secolo, come confermato dalle Nazioni Unite nell’Obiettivo 6 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile, che mira a garantire acqua pulita e migliorare la resilienza al cambiamento climatico a livello globale. Le tecnologie tradizionali per il trattamento delle acque reflue sono inadeguate a rimuovere efficacemente metalli pesanti e microinquinanti emergenti, alimentando pertanto la necessità di soluzioni innovative. In questa tesi è stata esplorata la combinazione di ossido di grafene parzialmente ridotto (rGO) e ossido di titanio (TiO2) in un unico materiale composito, per applicazioni nel campo del trattamento delle acque reflue. L’ossido di grafene ridotto è noto per le sue capacità di adsorbimento nei confronti sia di metalli pesanti, sia di molecole organiche. L’ossido di titanio è invece il materiale fotocatalitico per eccellenza per applicazioni ambientali. Tuttavia, l’applicazione reale del TiO2 per la fotodegradazione di contaminanti è ancora limitata a causa del suo elevato bandgap, che richiede luce UV per l’attuazione di processi fotocatalitici, e del suo prevalente utilizzo come nanopolvere, che implica potenziali rischi per la salute umana in caso di dispersione del materiale nell’ambiente. La combinazione di rGO e TiO2 offre diversi vantaggi. Grazie alle sue proprietà elettroniche simili al grafene, l’rGO può ridurre il bandgap del TiO2, permettendo eventualmente di sfruttare la luce visibile per la fotocatalisi, e può favorire la separazione dei portatori di carica fotogenerati, migliorando globalmente l’efficienza fotocatalitica. Inoltre, l’rGO presenta proprietà autoassemblanti, che permettono di immobilizzare le nanoparticelle di TiO2 e facilitano il recupero del materiale dopo l’uso. In questa tesi, rGO e TiO2 sono stati combinati per produrre due oggetti distinti: una membrana composita di rGO-TiO2, e una schiuma di poliuretano con un coating composito di rGO-TiO2, integrando nello stesso materiale la doppia funzionalità di adsorbente e fotocatalizzatore. In entrambi i casi, le proprietà autoassemblanti dell’rGO sono state sfruttate per sviluppare procedure di preparazione semplici e riproducibili, che prevedono temperature moderate, pressione atmosferica e reagenti commerciali a bassa tossicità. I materiali ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati tramite microscopia ottica, SEM-EDX, IR, Raman, analisi termogravimetrica e spettroscopia UV-Vis. Le membrane composite sono state realizzate con un rapporto di massa rGO:TiO2 = 1:1. Sono state testate per la rimozione di Fe3+ e Cu2+ e per l’adsorbimento e la fotodegradazione con luce UV del pesticida organico imidacloprid. Per quanto riguarda le schiume poliuretaniche, invece, sono stati preparati tre coating, considerando rapporti di massa rGO:TiO2 pari a 1:1, 1:2, e 1:3. Le schiume così ottenute sono state utilizzate in esperimenti di rimozione della Rodamina B, valutando le proprietà di decontaminazione dei materiali sia al buio sia in presenza di luce UV-Vis. Il coating che ha dimostrato le migliori capacità combinate di adsorbimento e fotodegradazione è stato selezionato e ulteriormente studiato, nell’ottica di una sua potenziale applicazione nel trattamento delle acque reflue. In particolare, le schiume con il coating selezionato sono state testate per la rimozione di inquinanti più rappresentativi, classificati come contaminanti emergenti, ovvero il farmaco ibuprofene e i fungicidi imazalil e pirimetanil. Per distinguere il contributo di adsorbimento e di fotocatalisi, è stato sviluppato un protocollo di desorbimento in etanolo, che ha permesso di stimare l’efficienza di fotodegradazione nei confronti dei tre contaminanti. I risultati sono stati corroborati da test di riutilizzo, costituiti da cinque cicli successivi di uso e desorbimento. Inoltre, le schiume sono state impiegate in esperimenti di decontaminazione in condizioni di flusso continuo, che sono stati eseguiti sia al buio sia in presenza di luce UV, considerando un volume di soluzione contaminata pari a 13.5 L. In un’ottica di economia circolare, sono state fatte delle prove per sostituire rGO e TiO2 con materiali di scarto nella preparazione di membrane composite. La tionite, un materiale di scarto contenente una quantità residua di TiO2, è stata utilizzata per ottenere membrane rGO-tionite (in rapporto di massa rGO:tionite = 1:1), che sono state testate per l’adsorbimento di Fe3+ e Cu2+, e per l’adsorbimento e la fotodegradazione di imidacloprid. Per la sostituzione dell’rGO, invece, è stato utilizzato biochar ottenuto da materiale di scarto, realizzando delle membrane composite rGO-biochar, con un contenuto di biochar tra il 50% e il 90% in massa. Le proprietà di adsorbimento di queste membrane sono state valutate tramite esperimenti di filtrazione di Cu2+ and Zn2+.
Self-assembling composite materials of reduced graphene oxide and TiO2 for industrial and civil wastewater treatment via photocatalytic processes
DOTTI, ANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
Wastewater treatment (WWT) represents one of the prominent challenges of the XXI century, as confirmed by the United Nation Sustainable Development Goal 6, which aims at ensuring clean water and enhancing global resilience to climate change. Traditional WWT technologies are inadequate to effectively remove heavy metals and micropollutants of emerging concern, thus fostering the need for innovative solutions. In this thesis, the combination of partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and TiO2 in a composite material was explored for WWT applications. Reduced graphene oxide is known for its adsorption properties toward both metal ions and organic molecules. TiO2 is the photocatalytic material par excellence for environmental purposes. However, the real application of TiO2 for contaminants photodegradation is still hindered by its large bandgap, which requires UV light for photocatalysis, and by its predominant use in the form of nanopowder, which poses potential hazards to human health related to the dispersion of nanosized materials into the environment. The combination of rGO and TiO2 provides multiple advantages. Thanks to its graphene-like electronic structure, rGO can reduce TiO2 bandgap, possibly harvesting visible light for photocatalysis, and can promote the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, improving the overall photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, rGO exhibits self-assembly properties, which allow the immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles and facilitate material recovery after use. In this thesis, rGO and TiO2 were combined to produce two distinct objects: a composite rGO-TiO2 membrane and a polyurethane foam with a composite rGO-TiO2 coating, integrating in the same material the dual functionality of adsorbent and photocatalyst. In both cases, rGO self-assembling properties were exploited to develop simple and reproducible preparation procedures, involving mild temperature and pressure conditions and commercial low-toxic reagents. The obtained materials were characterized by optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, XRD, IR, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Composite membranes were prepared with an rGO:TiO2 = 1:1 mass ratio. They were tested for the removal of Fe3+ and Cu2+ and for the adsorption and UV-photodegradation of the organic pesticide imidacloprid. As regards polyurethane foams, three coating formulations with rGO:TiO2 mass ratios equal to 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 were prepared. Coated foams were employed in Rhodamine B removal experiments, assessing the materials decontamination properties both in dark and UV-Vis light conditions. The coating composition showing the best combined adsorption and photodegradation performance was selected for further investigation aimed at WWT applications. Coated foams were tested for the removal of more representative pollutants, classified as contaminants of emerging concern, namely the drug ibuprofen and the fungicides imazalil and pyrimethanil. A desorption protocol in ethanol was developed to disentangle the adsorption and photocatalysis contributions, allowing to estimate the photodegradation efficiency for the three contaminants. Results were corroborated by reusability tests with five cycles of subsequent use and desorption steps. Coated foams were also employed in continuous flow decontamination experiments, which were performed in dark conditions and under UV illumination, considering a contaminated solution volume of 13.5 L. In a circular economy perspective, rGO and TiO2 were tentatively replaced by waste-derived components in the preparation of composite membranes. Tionite, a waste material containing a residual amount of TiO2, was employed to obtain rGO-tionite membranes (rGO:tionite = 1:1 mass ratio), which were tested for the adsorption of Fe3+ and Cu2+ and for the combined adsorption and photodegradation of imidacloprid. Reduced graphene oxide was instead partially substituted by waste-derived biochar, considering biochar mass content ranging from 50% to 90%. Adsorption properties of biochar-containing membranes were assessed by filtration experiments of Cu2+ and Zn2+.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260039