This research investigates the evolution of architectural forms developed by humans in response to extreme environmental conditions, beginning with an examination of Italian alpine huts as the original concept of a dwelling structure in hostile environments. The fundamental question (whether similar structures, based on the same design logic, exist in other extreme environments on Earth) has guided a progressively broader investigation, organized into five environmental categories: high mountains, deserts, polar regions, the underwater environment, and space. The theoretical framework is based on the definition of “extreme environment” proposed by the NASA Astrobiology Institute and on the methodological approach of Igarashi & Yashiro (2019), supplemented by studies on human adaptation in isolated and confined environments. The study combines a historical analysis of the context with the systematic collection of case studies, resulting in a framework that describes the main phases of formal adaptations in chronological order. The results confirm the existence of habitats analogous to mountain huts, which share the same design logic but differ in terms of adaptation. In fact, under extreme conditions, form is always the result of a unique compromise between the needs of human habitation, the constraints imposed by the environment, and the available resources. Recurring themes include the reduction of space to the bare minimum, passive energy management, structural flexibility, and integration with the site’s topography; principles often shared by vernacular architecture as well. In a context of growing global climate instability, the architectural designs under study stand as examples of effective design, capable of offering strategies and solutions for future scenarios.
La presente ricerca indaga l'evoluzione delle forme architettoniche sviluppate dall'essere umano in risposta a condizioni ambientali estreme, partendo dall'osservazione dei bivacchi alpini italiani come concetto originario di struttura abitativa in contesti ostili. La domanda fondante (se esistano, in altri luoghi estremi della Terra, strutture analoghe per logica progettuale) ha orientato un percorso di indagine progressivamente più ampio, articolato attraverso cinque categorie ambientali: alta montagna, deserto, regioni polari, ambiente sottomarino e spazio. Il quadro teorico di riferimento si fonda sulla definizione di "ambiente estremo" proposta dal NASA Astrobiology Institute e sull'impostazione metodologica di Igarashi & Yashiro (2019), integrata con studi sull'adattamento umano in contesti isolati e confinati. Lo studio combina l'analisi storica del contesto con la raccolta sistematica di casi studio, restituendo un sistema di lettura che descrive le fasi principali degli adattamenti formali in ordine cronologico. I risultati confermano l'esistenza di habitat analoghi ai bivacchi, accomunati da una medesima logica progettuale, ma differenti sul piano adattivo. Infatti, in condizioni estreme, la forma è sempre il risultato di un compromesso unico tra le esigenze della permanenza umana, i vincoli imposti dall'ambiente e le risorse disponibili. Emergono come costanti la riduzione dello spazio al minimo vitale, la gestione passiva dell'energia, la modulabilità strutturale e l'integrazione con la morfologia del sito. In un contesto di crescente instabilità climatica globale, le architetture studiate si configurano come esempi di efficacia progettuale, capaci di offrire strategie e soluzioni per gli scenari futuri.
La forma dell'estremo : adattamento delle strutture abitative al contesto estremo
Cabassi, Elisa
2025/2026
Abstract
This research investigates the evolution of architectural forms developed by humans in response to extreme environmental conditions, beginning with an examination of Italian alpine huts as the original concept of a dwelling structure in hostile environments. The fundamental question (whether similar structures, based on the same design logic, exist in other extreme environments on Earth) has guided a progressively broader investigation, organized into five environmental categories: high mountains, deserts, polar regions, the underwater environment, and space. The theoretical framework is based on the definition of “extreme environment” proposed by the NASA Astrobiology Institute and on the methodological approach of Igarashi & Yashiro (2019), supplemented by studies on human adaptation in isolated and confined environments. The study combines a historical analysis of the context with the systematic collection of case studies, resulting in a framework that describes the main phases of formal adaptations in chronological order. The results confirm the existence of habitats analogous to mountain huts, which share the same design logic but differ in terms of adaptation. In fact, under extreme conditions, form is always the result of a unique compromise between the needs of human habitation, the constraints imposed by the environment, and the available resources. Recurring themes include the reduction of space to the bare minimum, passive energy management, structural flexibility, and integration with the site’s topography; principles often shared by vernacular architecture as well. In a context of growing global climate instability, the architectural designs under study stand as examples of effective design, capable of offering strategies and solutions for future scenarios.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260177