In recent decades, urban development in Egypt has increasingly been shaped by the financialization of land and real estate. New Cairo, one of the new cities planned by the state, has emerged as one of the country’s most significant sites of urban expansion east of the Nile River. The city’s urban fabric is characterized by the proliferation of privately developed compounds and mixed-use megaprojects. While these projects are often presented as solutions to some of Egypt’s most prominent urban issues like housing demand and economic growth, they have also had consequences in the transformation of the spatial structure of the city. This has had ripple effects on the relationship between public and private urban space. This aim of this thesis is to examine how financialized private development is reshaping urban form and socio-spatial relations in New Cairo. It looks at the historical and policy transformations that enabled the increasing involvement of private developers in the production of urban space. It also examines the role of the New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) and the broader neoliberal reforms that influenced such change in the development patterns of Cairo. The research focuses on two case studies. They represent distinct yet complementary forms of privatized development: Mivida, a gated residential enclave developed by Emaar Misr, and Cairo Festival City, a mixed-use commercial megaproject developed by Al-Futtaim. This thesis investigates how these developments operate as financialized urban forms by looking at their spatial organization, accessibility, everyday usage patterns, and public-private interfaces. The research moves towards an understanding that gated communities and mixed-use megaprojects operate together within a broader urban system that prioritizes land valorization and creating cycles of investment attraction and revenue generation. The findings from this research suggest that financialization has produced a fragmented urban landscape. The fragmentation in New Cairo’s urban fabric is characterized by enclaves, controlled forms of publicness, and extensive residual spaces between developments. The study argues that these outcomes are the spatial expression of a development model in which land functions increasingly as a financial asset. The thesis aims to contribute to debates on financialized urbanism in the Global South by demonstrating how the interaction between state institutions and private capital is reconfiguring the urban fabric of New Cairo. Consequentially, this transformation is also reshaping the conditions through which everyday urban life is experienced.
Nei decenni recenti, lo sviluppo urbano in Egitto è stato sempre più plasmato dalla finanziarizzazione della terra e del settore immobiliare. New Cairo, una delle nuove città pianificate dallo Stato, è emersa come uno dei siti più significativi di espansione urbana del Paese a est del fiume Nilo. Il tessuto urbano della città è caratterizzato dalla proliferazione di complessi residenziali recintati (compounds) di iniziativa privata e da megaprogetti a destinazione d’uso mista. Sebbene questi progetti vengano spesso presentati come soluzioni ad alcuni dei problemi urbani più rilevanti dell’Egitto, quali la domanda abitativa e la crescita economica, essi hanno anche avuto conseguenze nella trasformazione della struttura spaziale della città. Ciò ha generato effetti a catena sulla relazione tra lo spazio urbano pubblico e privato. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è esaminare come lo sviluppo privato finanziarizzato stia rimodellando la forma urbana e le relazioni socio-spaziali a New Cairo. Lo studio analizza le trasformazioni storiche e politiche che hanno permesso il crescente coinvolgimento degli sviluppatori privati nella produzione dello spazio urbano. Esamina inoltre il ruolo della New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) e le più ampie riforme neoliberiste che hanno influenzato tale cambiamento nei modelli di sviluppo del Cairo. La ricerca si concentra su due casi studio, i quali rappresentano forme distinte ma complementari di sviluppo privatizzato: Mivida, un’enclave residenziale recintata sviluppata da Emaar Misr, e Cairo Festival City, un megaprogetto commerciale a destinazione mista sviluppato da Al-Futtaim. Questa tesi indaga come questi insediamenti operino come forme urbane finanziarizzate, analizzandone l’organizzazione spaziale, l’accessibilità, i modelli di utilizzo quotidiano e le interfacce pubblico-privato. La ricerca si muove verso la consapevolezza che le comunità recintate (gated communities) e i megaprogetti a destinazione mista operino congiuntamente all’interno di un sistema urbano più ampio che dà priorità alla valorizzazione fondiaria e alla creazione di cicli di attrazione degli investimenti e generazione di entrate. I risultati di questa ricerca suggeriscono che la finanziarizzazione ha prodotto un paesaggio urbano frammentato. La frammentazione del tessuto urbano di New Cairo è caratterizzata da enclave, forme controllate di socialità pubblica ed estesi spazi residui tra i vari insediamenti. Lo studio sostiene che questi esiti siano l’espressione spaziale di un modello di sviluppo in cui la terra funziona sempre più come un’attività finanziaria (financial asset). La tesi mira a contribuire ai dibattiti sull’urbanesimo finanziarizzato nel Sud Globale, dimostrando come l’interazione tra le istituzioni statali e il capitale privato stia riconfigurando il tessuto urbano di New Cairo. Di conseguenza, questa trasformazione sta anche rimodellando le condizioni attraverso cui viene vissuta la vita urbana quotidiana.
New Cairo as an investment landscape: privatization, financialization, and the transformation of urban space
Kouta, Laila Hamdy Abdelwahab Mohamed
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent decades, urban development in Egypt has increasingly been shaped by the financialization of land and real estate. New Cairo, one of the new cities planned by the state, has emerged as one of the country’s most significant sites of urban expansion east of the Nile River. The city’s urban fabric is characterized by the proliferation of privately developed compounds and mixed-use megaprojects. While these projects are often presented as solutions to some of Egypt’s most prominent urban issues like housing demand and economic growth, they have also had consequences in the transformation of the spatial structure of the city. This has had ripple effects on the relationship between public and private urban space. This aim of this thesis is to examine how financialized private development is reshaping urban form and socio-spatial relations in New Cairo. It looks at the historical and policy transformations that enabled the increasing involvement of private developers in the production of urban space. It also examines the role of the New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) and the broader neoliberal reforms that influenced such change in the development patterns of Cairo. The research focuses on two case studies. They represent distinct yet complementary forms of privatized development: Mivida, a gated residential enclave developed by Emaar Misr, and Cairo Festival City, a mixed-use commercial megaproject developed by Al-Futtaim. This thesis investigates how these developments operate as financialized urban forms by looking at their spatial organization, accessibility, everyday usage patterns, and public-private interfaces. The research moves towards an understanding that gated communities and mixed-use megaprojects operate together within a broader urban system that prioritizes land valorization and creating cycles of investment attraction and revenue generation. The findings from this research suggest that financialization has produced a fragmented urban landscape. The fragmentation in New Cairo’s urban fabric is characterized by enclaves, controlled forms of publicness, and extensive residual spaces between developments. The study argues that these outcomes are the spatial expression of a development model in which land functions increasingly as a financial asset. The thesis aims to contribute to debates on financialized urbanism in the Global South by demonstrating how the interaction between state institutions and private capital is reconfiguring the urban fabric of New Cairo. Consequentially, this transformation is also reshaping the conditions through which everyday urban life is experienced.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260248