Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAV-SAR) systems represent a practical solution for high-resolution radar imaging, thanks to their reduced operational costs compared to satellite-based systems, greater deployment flexibility and the ability to acquire data over areas that are difficult to access with ground-based sensors. In this thesis, the attention is focused on circular X-band UAV-SAR tomography, with the aim of reconstructing the three-dimensional distribution of the radar backscattered signal from multiple circular acquisitions performed at different heights. The study considers an external circular acquisition geometry, in which the UAV flies along circular trajectories above the area of interest, with the radar antenna looking outward with respect to the flight path. This configuration allows the platform to progressively scan an extended area during the circular motion. By repeating the circular acquisition at slightly different altitudes, an additional synthetic aperture is introduced along the vertical direction. This vertical diversity makes it possible to extend the conventional two-dimensional SAR imaging problem to a tomographic reconstruction, where the scene is described by a three-dimensional volume instead of a single plane. The processing is based on Time Domain Back Projection (TDBP), which is used both for two-dimensional SAR focusing and for the reconstruction of the tomographic volume. The proposed approach is first tested on simulated data, considering both point-like and extended targets. Then it is applied to real UAV-SAR data acquired with an X-band FMCW radar mounted on a UAV platform. The real dataset includes multiple circular passes acquired with a spiral-like geometry and the analysis included SLC intensity images, interferometric phase maps, tomographic xy-slices and vertical profiles.
I sistemi Synthetic Aperture Radar installati su Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV-SAR) rappresentano una soluzione pratica per l’imaging radar ad alta risoluzione, grazie ai ridotti costi operativi rispetto ai sistemi satellitari, alla maggiore flessibilità di impiego e alla possibilità di acquisire dati su aree difficilmente accessibili con sensori a terra. In questa tesi, l’attenzione è rivolta alla tomografia UAV-SAR circolare in banda X, con l’obiettivo di ricostruire la distribuzione tridimensionale del segnale radar backscattered a partire da acquisizioni circolari multiple effettuate a quote diverse. Nello studio è stata considerata una geometria di acquisizione circolare esterna, in cui l’UAV percorre traiettorie circolari sopra l’area di interesse, mentre l’antenna radar è orientata verso l’esterno rispetto alla traiettoria di volo. Questa configurazione permette alla piattaforma di scansionare progressivamente un’area estesa durante il moto circolare. Ripetendo l’acquisizione circolare ad altitudini leggermente diverse, viene introdotta un’apertura sintetica aggiuntiva lungo la direzione verticale. Questa diversità verticale rende possibile estendere il problema convenzionale di imaging SAR bidimensionale a una ricostruzione tomografica, in cui la scena è descritta da un volume tridimensionale invece che da un singolo piano. L’elaborazione si basa sulla Time Domain Back Projection (TDBP), utilizzata sia per la focalizzazione SAR bidimensionale sia per la ricostruzione del volume tomografico. L’approccio proposto viene inizialmente testato su dati simulati, considerando sia bersagli puntiformi sia bersagli estesi. Successivamente viene applicato a dati UAV-SAR reali acquisiti con un radar FMCW in banda X montato su una piattaforma UAV. Il dataset reale include passaggi circolari multipli acquisiti con una geometria a spirale, e l’analisi comprende immagini di intensità SLC, mappe di fase interferometrica, slice tomografiche xy e profili verticali.
Circular X-Band SAR tomography for high-resolution 3D imaging
PACIOTTI, MANUELA
2025/2026
Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAV-SAR) systems represent a practical solution for high-resolution radar imaging, thanks to their reduced operational costs compared to satellite-based systems, greater deployment flexibility and the ability to acquire data over areas that are difficult to access with ground-based sensors. In this thesis, the attention is focused on circular X-band UAV-SAR tomography, with the aim of reconstructing the three-dimensional distribution of the radar backscattered signal from multiple circular acquisitions performed at different heights. The study considers an external circular acquisition geometry, in which the UAV flies along circular trajectories above the area of interest, with the radar antenna looking outward with respect to the flight path. This configuration allows the platform to progressively scan an extended area during the circular motion. By repeating the circular acquisition at slightly different altitudes, an additional synthetic aperture is introduced along the vertical direction. This vertical diversity makes it possible to extend the conventional two-dimensional SAR imaging problem to a tomographic reconstruction, where the scene is described by a three-dimensional volume instead of a single plane. The processing is based on Time Domain Back Projection (TDBP), which is used both for two-dimensional SAR focusing and for the reconstruction of the tomographic volume. The proposed approach is first tested on simulated data, considering both point-like and extended targets. Then it is applied to real UAV-SAR data acquired with an X-band FMCW radar mounted on a UAV platform. The real dataset includes multiple circular passes acquired with a spiral-like geometry and the analysis included SLC intensity images, interferometric phase maps, tomographic xy-slices and vertical profiles.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Paciotti.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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2026_07_Paciotti_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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21.74 MB
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21.74 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260250