Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of compounds widely used in industrial processes and consumer products. Their widespread use is due to their high hydrophobicity, thermal stability and resistance to chemical degradation. However, these properties make PFAS highly persistent and prone to accumulation in the environment, including groundwater. This thesis examines their environmental behavior, their transport mechanisms in aquifers, toxicological effects and the current regulatory framework. The main sources of contamination, as well as the principal analytical approaches for PFAS detection and quantification, are also reviewed. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, through a critical review of the scientific and technical literature, in situ remediation technologies that may be effective for the removal of PFAS from groundwater. Gas injection technologies, permeable reactive barriers, in situ chemical reduction, in situ chemical oxidation and bioremediation have been analysed. For each technology, the operating principles, the results obtained in case studies available in the literature, as well as the advantages, operational limitations and future development perspectives were examined in depth. The analysis highlights a significant gap between the high efficiencies reported under laboratory conditions and the performance actually achievable under field conditions. None of the currently available technologies is capable, on its own, of guaranteeing the complete removal of the entire spectrum of PFAS present in groundwater. Technologies based on contaminant containment currently demonstrate a higher level of technological maturity, while processes aimed at destruction are still in the development phase and require further theoretical and practical investigation. The selection of the most appropriate remediation strategy depends on site-specific hydrogeological conditions, the types of PFAS present and the remediation goals. In the absence of mature technologies, the presence of PFAS in groundwater remains a challenge in the risk management of these contaminants.
Le sostanze per- e polifluoroalchiliche, meglio conosciute come PFAS, sono una classe di composti ampiamente utilizzati in processi industriali e nei prodotti di consumo. La loro diffusione è dovuta all’elevata idrofobicità, stabilità termica e resistenza alla degradazione chimica. Tuttavia, queste stesse proprietà rendono i PFAS persistenti e accumulabili all’interno delle diverse matrici ambientali, incluse le acque di falda. La presente tesi analizza il loro comportamento ambientale, i meccanismi di trasporto nelle falde acquifere, gli effetti tossicologici e il quadro normativo attualmente vigente. Vengono inoltre esaminati le principali sorgenti di contaminazione e i principali approcci analitici per il rilevamento e la quantificazione. L'obiettivo principale del lavoro è valutare, attraverso una revisione critica della letteratura scientifica e tecnica, le tecnologie di bonifica in situ potenzialmente efficaci per la rimozione di tali composti dalle acque di falda. In particolare, sono state analizzate le tecnologie basate sull'iniezione di gas, le barriere permeabili reattive, la riduzione chimica in situ, l'ossidazione chimica in situ e il biorisanamento. Per ciascuna tecnologia sono stati approfonditi i principi di funzionamento, i risultati ottenuti nei casi di studio disponibili in letteratura, nonché i vantaggi, i limiti operativi e le prospettive di sviluppo future. Dall'analisi emerge un significativo divario tra le efficienze osservate in laboratorio e le prestazioni effettivamente ottenibili in condizioni di campo. Nessuna delle tecnologie attualmente disponibili è in grado di garantire, singolarmente, una completa rimozione dell'intero spettro dei PFAS presenti nelle acque sotterranee. Le strategie basate sul contenimento dei contaminanti mostrano attualmente un maggiore livello di maturità tecnologica, mentre i processi finalizzati alla distruzione risultano ancora in fase di sviluppo e richiedono approfondimenti teorici e applicativi. La scelta della tecnologia più idonea dipende dalle caratteristiche del sito contaminato, dalla tipologia dei PFAS presenti e dagli obiettivi di bonifica. In assenza di tecnologie mature, la presenza dei PFAS in falda rimane oggi un problema declinato nella gestione del rischio di questi contaminanti.
Valutazione comparativa delle tecnologie di bonifica in situ per PFAS nelle acque di falda
VESCOVI, GABRIELE
2025/2026
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of compounds widely used in industrial processes and consumer products. Their widespread use is due to their high hydrophobicity, thermal stability and resistance to chemical degradation. However, these properties make PFAS highly persistent and prone to accumulation in the environment, including groundwater. This thesis examines their environmental behavior, their transport mechanisms in aquifers, toxicological effects and the current regulatory framework. The main sources of contamination, as well as the principal analytical approaches for PFAS detection and quantification, are also reviewed. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, through a critical review of the scientific and technical literature, in situ remediation technologies that may be effective for the removal of PFAS from groundwater. Gas injection technologies, permeable reactive barriers, in situ chemical reduction, in situ chemical oxidation and bioremediation have been analysed. For each technology, the operating principles, the results obtained in case studies available in the literature, as well as the advantages, operational limitations and future development perspectives were examined in depth. The analysis highlights a significant gap between the high efficiencies reported under laboratory conditions and the performance actually achievable under field conditions. None of the currently available technologies is capable, on its own, of guaranteeing the complete removal of the entire spectrum of PFAS present in groundwater. Technologies based on contaminant containment currently demonstrate a higher level of technological maturity, while processes aimed at destruction are still in the development phase and require further theoretical and practical investigation. The selection of the most appropriate remediation strategy depends on site-specific hydrogeological conditions, the types of PFAS present and the remediation goals. In the absence of mature technologies, the presence of PFAS in groundwater remains a challenge in the risk management of these contaminants.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2026_07_Vescovi.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Dimensione
4.68 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.68 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260438