Hydropower plays a major role in global electricity production and is currently the most widely used renewable energy source, largely due to its high availability compared to intermittent sources such as wind and solar power. However, its operation is frequently affected by hydro-abrasive erosion in sediment-laden rivers, which can reduce efficiency, increase maintenance requirements, and impact long-term reliability. This thesis investigates a CFD-based framework for assessing hydro-abrasive wear in Francis turbine runners, with particular emphasis on particle impact statistics and CFD-derived erosion indicators. Since full-scale experimental data are difficult to obtain and laboratory tests cannot fully reproduce operating conditions, numerical modelling provides a practical tool for analyzing these phenomena. The proposed framework is based on steady-state simulations using the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) approach for the flow field, combined with steady-state Discrete Phase Model (DPM) tracking for sediment transport. A baseline configuration is first examined, which reveals non-uniform and physically inconsistent blade-to-blade impact distributions. To address this limitation, two post-processing strategies are introduced to reconstruct more physically consistent impact fields from stationary simulation data. The results show that a single steady-state simulation, when properly post-processed, is sufficient to obtain nearly uniform blade-to-blade impact distributions. In particular, the post-processing strategy based on virtual rotation reproduces results that are basically indistinguishable from those obtained using a quasi-static sampling of multiple runner positions, while significantly reducing computational cost. This suggests that increasing the number of steady-state simulations does not provide additional benefit for identifying erosion-prone regions. The predicted erosion indicators are also consistent with trends reported in existing numerical and experimental studies.
L'energia idroelettrica svolge un ruolo primario nella produzione elettrica globale ed è oggi la principale fonte rinnovabile, grazie alla sua elevata disponibilità rispetto a fonti intermittenti come l'eolico e il solare. Tuttavia, il suo esercizio è spesso compromesso dall'erosione idro-abrasiva nei corsi d'acqua ricchi di sedimenti, fenomeno che riduce l'efficienza, aumenta gli oneri di manutenzione e ne compromette l'affidabilità a lungo termine. Questa tesi indaga una metodologia basata sulla fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD) per valutare l'usura idro-abrasiva nelle giranti di turbine Francis, con particolare attenzione alle statistiche d'impatto delle particelle e agli indicatori di erosione derivati dalla CFD. Poiché i dati sperimentali in scala reale sono complessi da ottenere e i test di laboratorio non riescono a riprodurre pienamente le condizioni operative, la modellazione numerica rappresenta uno strumento pratico di analisi. La metodologia proposta si basa su simulazioni stazionarie con sistema di riferimento mobile (Moving Reference Frame, MRF) per il campo di moto, accoppiate al Discrete Phase Model (DPM) per il trasporto dei sedimenti. L'analisi iniziale di una configurazione di riferimento rivela distribuzioni d'impatto disomogenee e fisicamente incoerenti tra le pale; per superare tale limite, si introducono due strategie di post-processing atte a ricostruire campi d'impatto fisicamente più coerenti a partire dai dati delle simulazioni stazionarie. I risultati mostrano che una singola simulazione stazionaria, se opportunamente post-processata, è sufficiente per ottenere distribuzioni d'impatto pressoché uniformi. In particolare, la strategia basata sulla rotazione virtuale restituisce risultati sostanzialmente indistinguibili da un campionamento quasi-statico a posizioni multiple della girante, riducendo drasticamente il costo computazionale. Ciò suggerisce che incrementare il numero di simulazioni stazionarie non porta ulteriori vantaggi nell'identificare le zone soggette a erosione. Gli indicatori di erosione previsti risultano inoltre coerenti con le tendenze riportate negli studi numerici e sperimentali esistenti.
CFD assessment of hydro-abrasive wear indicators in Francis turbines using Moving Reference Frame simulations
Frigerio, Chiara Laura
2025/2026
Abstract
Hydropower plays a major role in global electricity production and is currently the most widely used renewable energy source, largely due to its high availability compared to intermittent sources such as wind and solar power. However, its operation is frequently affected by hydro-abrasive erosion in sediment-laden rivers, which can reduce efficiency, increase maintenance requirements, and impact long-term reliability. This thesis investigates a CFD-based framework for assessing hydro-abrasive wear in Francis turbine runners, with particular emphasis on particle impact statistics and CFD-derived erosion indicators. Since full-scale experimental data are difficult to obtain and laboratory tests cannot fully reproduce operating conditions, numerical modelling provides a practical tool for analyzing these phenomena. The proposed framework is based on steady-state simulations using the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) approach for the flow field, combined with steady-state Discrete Phase Model (DPM) tracking for sediment transport. A baseline configuration is first examined, which reveals non-uniform and physically inconsistent blade-to-blade impact distributions. To address this limitation, two post-processing strategies are introduced to reconstruct more physically consistent impact fields from stationary simulation data. The results show that a single steady-state simulation, when properly post-processed, is sufficient to obtain nearly uniform blade-to-blade impact distributions. In particular, the post-processing strategy based on virtual rotation reproduces results that are basically indistinguishable from those obtained using a quasi-static sampling of multiple runner positions, while significantly reducing computational cost. This suggests that increasing the number of steady-state simulations does not provide additional benefit for identifying erosion-prone regions. The predicted erosion indicators are also consistent with trends reported in existing numerical and experimental studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Frigerio_Thesis.pdf
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2026_07_Frigerio_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260513