Medium-voltage (MV) cable joints are electrical accessories that connect two cable segments, providing electrical continuity and insulation integrity at every junction along the line. In Italy they represent the most critical component of the network, being responsible for the majority of failures. Their reliability depends on a complex interaction betweenOverall, the work proposes a mechanical and thermomechanical characterization approach complementary to electrical qualification tests, with the aim of supporting a more comprehensive assessment of the long-term reliability of buried joints. electrical, thermal, mechanical, and environmental factors, with reference to the integrity of the interface between the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation and the rubber insulating body of the joint. This work, developed within a collaboration between ENEL and Politecnico di Milano, aims to compare the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of rubber insulating bodies from MV joints supplied by four different manufacturers, through material-level characterization distinct from the electrical qualification tests of the complete joint. The first part analyses the operating context of buried joints, investigating the role of the environment and the thermal behavior of the soil. The analysis of fault data provided by ENEL reveals a marked correlation between fault incidence and periods characterized by high ambient temperatures. Steady-state and transient thermal models are also employed to assess the effect of normal and fault operating conditions on the temperatures reached by the cable–joint–soil system. The second part presents the experimental activity. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out before and after thermal treatment to evaluate the sensitivity of the materials to thermal aging. Constant strain mechanical tests were performed to estimate the interfacial pressure between the joint and the cable insulation, while thermomechanical analyses were conducted to determine the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the materials, providing a preliminary indication of the sensitivity of the interfacial pressure to temperature variations. The results show significant differences among the various insulating bodies both in terms of mechanical response and of generated interfacial pressure, a parameter of fundamental importance for ensuring the correct operation of the joint. Some materials maintain pressure levels above the minimum values reported in the literature, while others show greater sensitivity to the effects of time and temperature.
I giunti per cavi in media tensione (MT) sono accessori elettrici che connettono due tratti di cavo, garantendo la continuità elettrica e l’integrità dell’isolamento in ogni punto di giunzione della linea. Essi rappresentano il componente più critico della rete, e in Italia la maggior parte dei guasti si origina nei giunti. La loro affidabilità dipende da una complessa interazione tra fattori elettrici, termici, meccanici e ambientali, con particolare riferimento all’integrità dell’interfaccia tra l’isolamento del cavo, in polietilene reticolato (XLPE) e il corpo isolante in gomma del giunto. Il presente lavoro, sviluppato nell’ambito di una collaborazione tra ENEL e il Politecnico di Milano, ha l’obiettivo di confrontare le proprietà meccaniche e termomeccaniche dei corpi isolanti in gomma di giunti per MT provenienti da quattro differenti produttori, attraverso una caratterizzazione sperimentale dei materiali, indipendente dalla qualificazione elettrica del giunto completo. Nellaprimapartevieneanalizzatoilcontestooperativodeigiuntiinterrati, approfondendo il ruolo delle condizioni ambientali e del comportamento termico del terreno. L’analisi dei dati di guasto forniti da ENEL evidenzia una marcata correlazione tra l’incidenza dei guasti e i periodi caratterizzati da elevate temperature ambientali. Attraverso modelli termici stazionari e transitori è stato inoltre valutato l’effetto delle condizioni operative normali e di guasto sulle temperature raggiunte dal sistema cavo-giunto-suolo. Lasecondaparteèdedicataall’attivitàsperimentale. Sonostateeseguiteproveditrazione uniassiale prima e dopo un trattamento termico per valutare la sensibilità dei materiali all’invecchiamento termico, prove meccaniche a deformazione costante per la stima della pressione interfacciale tra il giunto e l’isolamento del cavo e analisi termomeccaniche per la determinazione del coefficiente di espansione termica lineare dei materiali al fine di ottenere una prima indicazione della sensibilità della pressione interfacciale alle variazioni di temperatura. I risultati mostrano differenze significative tra i diversi corpi isolanti sia in termini di risposta meccanica sia di pressione interfacciale generata, parametro fondamentale per garantire il corretto funzionamento del giunto. In particolare, alcuni materiali mantengono livelli di pressione superiori ai valori minimi riportati in letteratura,mentre altri mostrano una maggiore sensibilità agli effetti del tempo e della temperatura. Nel complesso, il lavoro propone un approccio di caratterizzazione meccanica e termomeccanica complementare alle prove di qualificazione elettrica, con l’obiettivo di supportare una valutazione più completa dell’affidabilità a lungo termine dei giunti interrati.
Medium-voltage cable joints: a study focused on rubber insulating components
Ruggeri, Ludovica
2025/2026
Abstract
Medium-voltage (MV) cable joints are electrical accessories that connect two cable segments, providing electrical continuity and insulation integrity at every junction along the line. In Italy they represent the most critical component of the network, being responsible for the majority of failures. Their reliability depends on a complex interaction betweenOverall, the work proposes a mechanical and thermomechanical characterization approach complementary to electrical qualification tests, with the aim of supporting a more comprehensive assessment of the long-term reliability of buried joints. electrical, thermal, mechanical, and environmental factors, with reference to the integrity of the interface between the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation and the rubber insulating body of the joint. This work, developed within a collaboration between ENEL and Politecnico di Milano, aims to compare the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of rubber insulating bodies from MV joints supplied by four different manufacturers, through material-level characterization distinct from the electrical qualification tests of the complete joint. The first part analyses the operating context of buried joints, investigating the role of the environment and the thermal behavior of the soil. The analysis of fault data provided by ENEL reveals a marked correlation between fault incidence and periods characterized by high ambient temperatures. Steady-state and transient thermal models are also employed to assess the effect of normal and fault operating conditions on the temperatures reached by the cable–joint–soil system. The second part presents the experimental activity. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out before and after thermal treatment to evaluate the sensitivity of the materials to thermal aging. Constant strain mechanical tests were performed to estimate the interfacial pressure between the joint and the cable insulation, while thermomechanical analyses were conducted to determine the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the materials, providing a preliminary indication of the sensitivity of the interfacial pressure to temperature variations. The results show significant differences among the various insulating bodies both in terms of mechanical response and of generated interfacial pressure, a parameter of fundamental importance for ensuring the correct operation of the joint. Some materials maintain pressure levels above the minimum values reported in the literature, while others show greater sensitivity to the effects of time and temperature.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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ruggeri_tesi.pdf
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ruggeri_executive_summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260556