Hadrontherapy allows treatment of tumors with high precision thanks to the characteristics of the interaction of charged particles with matter. In particular, the presence of the Bragg peak makes it possible to concentrate the dose within the tumor region, while the superposition of multiple Bragg peaks allows the creation of a Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) capable of uniformly covering the entire target volume, reducing the irradiation of the surrounding healthy tissues. However, nuclear interactions occurring along the beam path produce secondary particles, including neutrons and photons, which contribute to the out--of--field dose. These contributions become particularly relevant in specific clinical situations, such as patients carrying implanted electronic devices, pregnant patients, or scenarios involving the presence of caregivers in the treatment room. In this thesis, the contribution of secondary neutrons and photons to the out--of--field dose is investigated through Monte Carlo simulations performed with the FLUKA code. The study has been developed starting from simple configurations and progressing to more complex clinics activity scenarios, considering both proton and carbon ion beams. To quantify the contribution of the different components of secondary radiation, with particular emphasis on neutrons, which are indirectly ionizing particles, a tagging methodology based on customized FLUKA routines has been developed, allowing particles to be classified according to their energy, origin, and transport history with the final aim of separating the different contributions to the dose. The results show that fast neutrons represent the main component of the neutron contribution to the out--of--field dose. A significant difference between proton and carbon ion treatments was also observed: in proton treatments, neutrons constitute the dominant contribution to the out--of--field dose, whereas in carbon ion treatments the dose is strongly influenced by the production of charged particles, in particular alpha particles. When considering ambient dose equivalent instead, the neutron contribution becomes predominant in most of the analyzed cases.
L’adroterapia consente di trattare i tumori con elevata precisione grazie alle caratteristiche dell’interazione delle particelle cariche con la materia. In particolare, la presenza del picco di Bragg permette di concentrare la dose all’interno della regione tumorale, mentre la sovrapposizione di più picchi di Bragg consente di creare uno Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) in grado di coprire uniformemente l’intero volume bersaglio, riducendo l’irradiazione dei tessuti sani circostanti. Tuttavia, le interazioni nucleari che avvengono lungo il percorso del fascio producono particelle secondarie, tra cui neutroni e fotoni, che contribuiscono alla dose fuori campo. Tali contributi diventano particolarmente rilevanti in specifiche situazioni cliniche, come nel caso di pazienti portatori di dispositivi elettronici impiantabili, pazienti in gravidanza o scenari che prevedono la presenza di caregiver all’interno della sala di trattamento. In questa tesi, il contributo di neutroni e fotoni secondari alla dose fuori campo è stato investigato mediante simulazioni Monte Carlo eseguite con il codice FLUKA. Lo studio è stato sviluppato a partire da configurazioni semplici fino a scenari rappresentativi dell’attività clinica, considerando sia fasci di protoni sia fasci di ioni carbonio. Per quantificare il contributo delle diverse componenti della radiazione secondaria, con particolare attenzione ai neutroni, che sono particelle indirettamente ionizzanti, è stata sviluppata una metodologia di tagging basata su routine FLUKA personalizzate, che consente di classificare le particelle in funzione della loro energia, origine e storia di trasporto, con l’obiettivo finale di separare i diversi contributi alla dose. I risultati mostrano che i neutroni veloci rappresentano la principale componente del contributo neutronico alla dose fuori campo. È stata inoltre osservata una significativa differenza tra i trattamenti con protoni e quelli con ioni carbonio: nei trattamenti con protoni i neutroni costituiscono il contributo dominante alla dose fuori campo, mentre nei trattamenti con ioni carbonio la dose è fortemente influenzata dalla produzione di particelle cariche, in particolare particelle alfa. Considerando invece l’equivalente di dose ambientale, il contributo neutronico diventa predominante nella maggior parte dei casi analizzati.
Out-of-field neutron doses for critical clinical cases
Spilotros, Federico
2025/2026
Abstract
Hadrontherapy allows treatment of tumors with high precision thanks to the characteristics of the interaction of charged particles with matter. In particular, the presence of the Bragg peak makes it possible to concentrate the dose within the tumor region, while the superposition of multiple Bragg peaks allows the creation of a Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) capable of uniformly covering the entire target volume, reducing the irradiation of the surrounding healthy tissues. However, nuclear interactions occurring along the beam path produce secondary particles, including neutrons and photons, which contribute to the out--of--field dose. These contributions become particularly relevant in specific clinical situations, such as patients carrying implanted electronic devices, pregnant patients, or scenarios involving the presence of caregivers in the treatment room. In this thesis, the contribution of secondary neutrons and photons to the out--of--field dose is investigated through Monte Carlo simulations performed with the FLUKA code. The study has been developed starting from simple configurations and progressing to more complex clinics activity scenarios, considering both proton and carbon ion beams. To quantify the contribution of the different components of secondary radiation, with particular emphasis on neutrons, which are indirectly ionizing particles, a tagging methodology based on customized FLUKA routines has been developed, allowing particles to be classified according to their energy, origin, and transport history with the final aim of separating the different contributions to the dose. The results show that fast neutrons represent the main component of the neutron contribution to the out--of--field dose. A significant difference between proton and carbon ion treatments was also observed: in proton treatments, neutrons constitute the dominant contribution to the out--of--field dose, whereas in carbon ion treatments the dose is strongly influenced by the production of charged particles, in particular alpha particles. When considering ambient dose equivalent instead, the neutron contribution becomes predominant in most of the analyzed cases.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2026_07_Spilotros_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Executive summary
Dimensione
1.33 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.33 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2026_07_Spilotros_Tesi.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Tesi
Dimensione
15.47 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
15.47 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260595