The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as one of the most consequential technological transformations in contemporary industrial history. By enabling physical assets (machines, vehicles, sensors, infrastructure) to communicate their operational states in real time through networked digital systems, the IIoT is reshaping how industrial organizations monitor their processes, manage their assets, coordinate their supply chains, and create value for their customers. Yet despite a rapidly expanding body of academic literature, a significant gap persists between the theoretical frameworks that describe the IIoT's potential and the empirical reality of its adoption across diverse industrial contexts. This thesis addresses that gap through two complementary analytical approaches. The first is a systematic, data-driven analysis of a structured database of 450 documented real-world IIoT implementations, spanning the period 2016 to 2025 and covering a wide range of application domains, geographies, technologies, and business model orientations. The database was compiled through desk research from publicly available sources (corporate case studies, technology provider publications, and industry reports) and each project was coded across 17 variables to enable multi- dimensional analysis. The second approach is a macro-level examination of how the IIoT is developing across the three principal regional markets (mainly North America, Asia-Pacific, and Europe) drawing on secondary market data, institutional reports, and policy analysis to provide the global perspective that the project database, given its structural European bias, cannot supply alone. The database analysis reveals that Smart Factory is the dominant application domain, accounting for 58 percent of documented projects, followed by Smart Asset Management (22 percent), Smart Logistics (15 percent), and Smart Lifecycle (4 percent). Service-oriented business models prevail at 78 percent, a figure that reflects both the documentation practices of the IIoT ecosystem, in which technology providers publish case studies systematically while industrial adopters do so selectively, and a genuine commercial transition in which manufacturers are moving from product sales toward connected service relationships. Platform and software solutions constitute the largest technology category (38 percent), reflecting the maturation of the physical connectivity layer and the migration of competitive differentiation toward the application and analytics layer. The large majority of projects (90 percent) are classified at the executive implementation stage, though this figure likely overstates the operational success rate of IIoT initiatives in the broader market due to selection bias in publicly available documentation. The regional analysis reveals that the global IIoT market, valued at approximately 310 billion dollars and growing at compound annual rates consistently estimated between 20 and 25 percent, is not a single phenomenon unfolding uniformly across geographies, but a set of structurally distinct adoption dynamics. North America combines the world's most developed IIoT technology ecosystem with a wave of greenfield manufacturing investment following the legislative response to the semiconductor shortage and supply chain disruptions of 2020 to 2023. Asia-Pacific is led by China's state-directed industrial digitalization programme, alongside distinctive trajectories in Japan and South Korea driven by demographic necessity, and leapfrog adoption dynamics in India and Southeast Asia. Europe is distinguished by a regulatory framework (encompassing the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, and the Industry 5.0 framework) that is creating structural demand for IIoT investment in sustainability and lifecycle management dimensions that have no direct equivalent in other major regions. Across both analytical lenses, a common structural pattern emerges: the primary challenge of industrial digitalization has shifted in nature. It is no longer a question of whether to invest in connected infrastructure, a question that has been broadly resolved across all major industrial economies, but of how to deepen integration, build the organizational and analytical capabilities needed to translate connectivity into value, and extend the benefits of IIoT beyond the frontier to the broader manufacturing base. The gap between organizations that have initiated IIoT projects and those that have built the data architecture, analytical competencies, and strategic vision needed to generate systematic value from them is the defining structural feature of the current phase of industrial connectivity. These findings carry concrete implications for the industrial organizations navigating the IIoT landscape. Value creation through industrial connectivity unfolds across three progressively demanding layers of servitization, from basic condition monitoring and notifications, through pay- per-use and performance-based pricing, to Manufacturing as a Service and Platform Economy configurations. The evidence suggests that the majority of industrial organizations remain concentrated in the first layer, while the most commercially transformative models remain the territory of a minority of frontier adopters. Closing this gap requires not only technological investment but a fundamental rethinking of the commercial relationship between manufacturer and customer: a transition from selling machines to selling outcomes, and from managing assets to managing performance guarantees across a connected installed base. The IIoT does not simply enhance existing competitive positions; it reshapes the structure of competition itself, changing who the competitors are, what customers are actually buying, and where in the value chain the most defensible commercial positions can be built and sustained.
L'Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) è emerso come una delle trasformazioni tecnologiche più significative nella storia industriale contemporanea. Consentendo alle risorse fisiche (macchinari, veicoli, sensori, infrastrutture) di trasmettere in tempo reale le proprie condizioni operative attraverso sistemi digitali in rete, l'IIoT sta ridefinendo il modo in cui le organizzazioni industriali monitorano i propri processi, gestiscono le proprie risorse, coordinano le catene di approvvigionamento e creano valore per i clienti. La letteratura sull'argomento è cresciuta rapidamente, ma il divario tra le potenzialità descritte in teoria e quanto si osserva nella pratica industriale rimane ampio e poco esplorato empiricamente. Questa tesi affronta tale divario attraverso due approcci analitici complementari. Il primo è un'analisi sistematica, basata sui dati, di un database strutturato di 450 implementazioni IIoT reali documentate, che coprono il periodo dal 2016 al 2025 e una vasta gamma di domini applicativi, geografie, tecnologie e modelli di business. Il database è stato compilato attraverso ricerca documentale da fonti pubblicamente disponibili (casi aziendali, pubblicazioni di fornitori tecnologici e rapporti di settore) e ogni progetto è stato codificato su 17 variabili per consentire un'analisi multidimensionale. Il secondo approccio è un'analisi a livello macro di come l'IIoT si sta sviluppando nei principali mercati (principalmente Nord America, Asia-Pacifico ed Europa), basata su fonti di mercato, rapporti istituzionali e analisi delle politiche industriali per fornire la prospettiva globale che il database di progetto, data la sua concentrazione strutturale sull'Europa, non può offrire da solo. L'analisi del database rivela che la Smart Factory è il dominio applicativo dominante, rappresentando il 58 per cento dei progetti documentati, seguita da Smart Asset Management (22 per cento), Smart Logistics (15 per cento) e Smart Lifecycle (4 per cento). I modelli di business incentrati sui servizi prevalgono con il 78 per cento, una cifra che riflette sia le abitudini di comunicazione e documentazione dell'ecosistema IIoT (in cui i fornitori di tecnologia pubblicano casi studio sistematicamente mentre i clienti industriali lo fanno in modo selettivo) sia una genuina transizione commerciale in cui i produttori si stanno spostando dalla vendita di prodotti verso relazioni di servizio connesse. Le soluzioni di piattaforma e software costituiscono la categoria tecnologica più grande (38 per cento), a testimonianza della maturazione dell'infrastruttura di connettività fisica e dello spostamento della differenziazione competitiva verso lo strato applicativo e analitico. L'analisi regionale rivela che il mercato globale IIoT, del valore di circa 310 miliardi di dollari e in crescita a tassi annui composti costantemente stimati tra il 20 e il 25 per cento, non è un fenomeno unitario che si sviluppa in modo uniforme nelle diverse geografie, ma un insieme di dinamiche di adozione strutturalmente distinte. Il Nord America combina l'ecosistema tecnologico IIoT più sviluppato al mondo con un'ondata di investimenti produttivi greenfield conseguente alla risposta legislativa alle carenze di semiconduttori e alle interruzioni della catena di approvvigionamento del periodo 2020-2023. L'Asia-Pacifico è trainata dal programma di digitalizzazione industriale diretto dallo Stato cinese, insieme a traiettorie distintive in Giappone e Corea del Sud guidate dalla necessità demografica, e da dinamiche di adozione disomogenee in India e nel Sud-Est asiatico. L'Europa si distingue per un quadro normativo (che comprende la Direttiva sul reporting di sostenibilità aziendale (CSRD), il Regolamento Ecodesign per i prodotti sostenibili e il quadro Industria 5.0) che sta generando una domanda strutturale di investimenti IIoT nelle dimensioni della sostenibilità e della gestione del ciclo di vita, senza equivalenti diretti nelle altre principali regioni. Attraverso entrambe le lenti analitiche emerge un modello strutturale comune: la sfida principale della digitalizzazione industriale è cambiata nella sua natura. Non si tratta più di decidere se investire nell'infrastruttura connessa, una questione ormai ampiamente risolta in tutte le principali economie industriali, ma di come approfondire l'integrazione, sviluppare le competenze organizzative e analitiche necessarie per tradurre la connettività in valore, ed estendere i benefici dell'IIoT oltre la frontiera alla più ampia base manifatturiera. Il divario tra le organizzazioni che hanno avviato progetti IIoT e quelle che hanno costruito l'architettura dei dati, le competenze analitiche e la visione strategica necessarie per generarne valore sistematico è il nodo strutturale centrale della fase attuale della connettività industriale. Questi risultati hanno implicazioni concrete per le organizzazioni industriali che si muovono nel panorama IIoT. La creazione di valore attraverso la connettività industriale si sviluppa su tre livelli progressivamente più impegnativi di servitizzazione: dal monitoraggio di base delle condizioni e dalle notifiche, attraverso modelli pay-per-use e di prezzo basato sulle prestazioni, fino al Manufacturing as a Service e alle logiche di Platform Economy. L'evidenza suggerisce che la maggior parte delle organizzazioni industriali rimane concentrata nel primo livello, mentre i modelli commercialmente più trasformativi restano appannaggio di poche organizzazioni all'avanguardia. Colmare questo divario richiede non solo investimenti tecnologici, ma un ripensamento fondamentale del rapporto commerciale tra produttore e cliente: una transizione dalla vendita di macchine alla vendita di risultati, e dalla gestione delle risorse alla garanzia delle prestazioni su una base installata connessa.
The industrial Internet of Things: a multi-level analysis of global adoption and regional development
RODA, ALLEGRA
2025/2026
Abstract
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as one of the most consequential technological transformations in contemporary industrial history. By enabling physical assets (machines, vehicles, sensors, infrastructure) to communicate their operational states in real time through networked digital systems, the IIoT is reshaping how industrial organizations monitor their processes, manage their assets, coordinate their supply chains, and create value for their customers. Yet despite a rapidly expanding body of academic literature, a significant gap persists between the theoretical frameworks that describe the IIoT's potential and the empirical reality of its adoption across diverse industrial contexts. This thesis addresses that gap through two complementary analytical approaches. The first is a systematic, data-driven analysis of a structured database of 450 documented real-world IIoT implementations, spanning the period 2016 to 2025 and covering a wide range of application domains, geographies, technologies, and business model orientations. The database was compiled through desk research from publicly available sources (corporate case studies, technology provider publications, and industry reports) and each project was coded across 17 variables to enable multi- dimensional analysis. The second approach is a macro-level examination of how the IIoT is developing across the three principal regional markets (mainly North America, Asia-Pacific, and Europe) drawing on secondary market data, institutional reports, and policy analysis to provide the global perspective that the project database, given its structural European bias, cannot supply alone. The database analysis reveals that Smart Factory is the dominant application domain, accounting for 58 percent of documented projects, followed by Smart Asset Management (22 percent), Smart Logistics (15 percent), and Smart Lifecycle (4 percent). Service-oriented business models prevail at 78 percent, a figure that reflects both the documentation practices of the IIoT ecosystem, in which technology providers publish case studies systematically while industrial adopters do so selectively, and a genuine commercial transition in which manufacturers are moving from product sales toward connected service relationships. Platform and software solutions constitute the largest technology category (38 percent), reflecting the maturation of the physical connectivity layer and the migration of competitive differentiation toward the application and analytics layer. The large majority of projects (90 percent) are classified at the executive implementation stage, though this figure likely overstates the operational success rate of IIoT initiatives in the broader market due to selection bias in publicly available documentation. The regional analysis reveals that the global IIoT market, valued at approximately 310 billion dollars and growing at compound annual rates consistently estimated between 20 and 25 percent, is not a single phenomenon unfolding uniformly across geographies, but a set of structurally distinct adoption dynamics. North America combines the world's most developed IIoT technology ecosystem with a wave of greenfield manufacturing investment following the legislative response to the semiconductor shortage and supply chain disruptions of 2020 to 2023. Asia-Pacific is led by China's state-directed industrial digitalization programme, alongside distinctive trajectories in Japan and South Korea driven by demographic necessity, and leapfrog adoption dynamics in India and Southeast Asia. Europe is distinguished by a regulatory framework (encompassing the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, and the Industry 5.0 framework) that is creating structural demand for IIoT investment in sustainability and lifecycle management dimensions that have no direct equivalent in other major regions. Across both analytical lenses, a common structural pattern emerges: the primary challenge of industrial digitalization has shifted in nature. It is no longer a question of whether to invest in connected infrastructure, a question that has been broadly resolved across all major industrial economies, but of how to deepen integration, build the organizational and analytical capabilities needed to translate connectivity into value, and extend the benefits of IIoT beyond the frontier to the broader manufacturing base. The gap between organizations that have initiated IIoT projects and those that have built the data architecture, analytical competencies, and strategic vision needed to generate systematic value from them is the defining structural feature of the current phase of industrial connectivity. These findings carry concrete implications for the industrial organizations navigating the IIoT landscape. Value creation through industrial connectivity unfolds across three progressively demanding layers of servitization, from basic condition monitoring and notifications, through pay- per-use and performance-based pricing, to Manufacturing as a Service and Platform Economy configurations. The evidence suggests that the majority of industrial organizations remain concentrated in the first layer, while the most commercially transformative models remain the territory of a minority of frontier adopters. Closing this gap requires not only technological investment but a fundamental rethinking of the commercial relationship between manufacturer and customer: a transition from selling machines to selling outcomes, and from managing assets to managing performance guarantees across a connected installed base. The IIoT does not simply enhance existing competitive positions; it reshapes the structure of competition itself, changing who the competitors are, what customers are actually buying, and where in the value chain the most defensible commercial positions can be built and sustained.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260602